Exam 2: The Early History of Policing

Beginning with the reign of Augustus, Roman society changed to the point where citizens owed allegiance to the emperor. The most important rival to the emperor in Roman society was the:

Lundman's model can explain the development of policing in societies with strong central state governments.

According to Lundman, the type of policing that exists when members of society share police responsibility is:

The French police perform many duties, including issuance of passports.

The type of police that exist in a society are a product of patterns of social organization, perceptions of crime and disorder, and:

According to Klockars, when specific individuals have a primary occupation of policing we have developed:

The police in France, according to Stead, have been most greatly affected by the power of the French nobility.

Informal and transitional policing forms are normally:

The emergence of formal police does not significantly alter social relationships.

A historical perspective allows one to:

In time, responsibility for harm spreads from the offender to include his or her kin, making people "police" each other in the interests of personal safety.

The type of social organization that exists when members of the group share values, beliefs, and activities is:

Research indicates that the emergence of formal police is linked to social changes like:

The rise of policing in society is linked to:

In its earliest forms, social control was the product of police action.

The police, as an instrument of social control, are expected to:

In general, the police of the central state are likely to be:

The police in 19th century Italy were often employed to repress political dissent.

Where the state or monarch acquires a monopoly on power, the police are decentralized and their powers are limited.

The Japanese during the Meiji Restoration decided to adopt a form of modern policing based on the model of the French.