Question 1

Which of the following occurs when atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase?

Accepted Answer

A)  H+ from ocean water will diffuse and react with the CO2 in the atmosphere to create atmospheric carbonic acid, decreasing the acidity of the ocean. 
B)  CO2 will diffuse into the ocean, where H+ from ocean water will react with the CO2, decreasing the acidity of the ocean. 
C)  CO2 will diffuse into the ocean, where it reacts with H2O, producing carbonic acid. 
D)  CO2 will diffuse into the ocean, where H+ from ocean water will react with the CO2, increasing the acidity of the ocean. 
A)  H+ from ocean water will diffuse and react with the CO2 in the atmosphere to create atmospheric carbonic acid, decreasing the acidity of the ocean. 
B)  CO2 will diffuse into the ocean, where H+ from ocean water will react with the CO2, decreasing the acidity of the ocean. 
C)  CO2 will diffuse into the ocean, where it reacts with H2O, producing carbonic acid. 
D)  CO2 will diffuse into the ocean, where H+ from ocean water will react with the CO2, increasing the acidity of the ocean. C

Question 2

Which of the following statements about ocean productivity is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Productivity decreases in upwelling zones because the colder temperatures of the waters slow the process of photosynthesis. 
B)  Ocean productivity is highest in the aphotic zone. 
C)  Sunlight and the availability of nutrients are two factors that regulate ocean productivity. 
D)  Limestone (calcium carbonate) is the source of carbon that enters the marine food web. 
A)  Productivity decreases in upwelling zones because the colder temperatures of the waters slow the process of photosynthesis. 
B)  Ocean productivity is highest in the aphotic zone. 
C)  Sunlight and the availability of nutrients are two factors that regulate ocean productivity. 
D)  Limestone (calcium carbonate) is the source of carbon that enters the marine food web. B

Question 3

Hydrothermal vents .

Accepted Answer

A)  occur in tropical areas at the ocean surface 
B)  help make the photic zone the most productive area of the oceans 
C)  provide chemicals to bacteria that support ecosystems on the ocean floor 
D)  create ocean currents 
A)  occur in tropical areas at the ocean surface 
B)  help make the photic zone the most productive area of the oceans 
C)  provide chemicals to bacteria that support ecosystems on the ocean floor 
D)  create ocean currents C

Question 4

The climatic event that involves the exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as .

Accepted Answer

A)  La Niña 
B)  El Niño 
C)  EPSWW (Eastern Pacific Shallow Water Warming) 
D)  the Coriolis effect 
A)  La Niña 
B)  El Niño 
C)  EPSWW (Eastern Pacific Shallow Water Warming) 
D)  the Coriolis effect

Question 5

Give examples of point- source and nonpoint- source pollutants, and describe how each one affects marine ecosystems.

Accepted Answer

Point- source marine pollutants are thos

Question 6

In which of the following zones would you be least likely to find phytoplankton?

Accepted Answer

A)  Photic zone 
B)  Coastal zone 
C)  Pelagic zone 
D)  Abyssal zone 
A)  Photic zone 
B)  Coastal zone 
C)  Pelagic zone 
D)  Abyssal zone

Question 7

Explain the motives for establishing marine reserves and marine protected areas. Describe the difference between the two.

Accepted Answer

With the great majority of commercial sp

Question 8

-What is the source of energy used by primary producers living in the abyssal zone?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sunlight 
B)  Organic material falling from above 
C)  Sulfur compounds 
D)  Primary producers cannot live in the abyssal zone. 
A)  Sunlight 
B)  Organic material falling from above 
C)  Sulfur compounds 
D)  Primary producers cannot live in the abyssal zone.

Question 9

-Which of the following is a characteristic of a marine dead zone?

Accepted Answer

A)  Undersea volcanic activity 
B)  Low nitrogen and phosphorus levels 
C)  Abnormally salty or silty waters 
D)  A low concentration of oxygen 
A)  Undersea volcanic activity 
B)  Low nitrogen and phosphorus levels 
C)  Abnormally salty or silty waters 
D)  A low concentration of oxygen

Question 10

-Which of the following is the best explanation for the relationship between salinity and depth in the mixed layer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Salt is only slightly soluble in cold water, so salinity always decreases with water temperature. 
B)  Warm water is evaporating at the surface, so the water becomes saltier at the surface. 
C)  The increase in density and pressure with depth causes salt to precipitate out of the water, so the water becomes less salty with depth in the mixed layer. 
D)  Salt water is less dense than fresh water, so water with the highest salt content would rise to the surface. 
A)  Salt is only slightly soluble in cold water, so salinity always decreases with water temperature. 
B)  Warm water is evaporating at the surface, so the water becomes saltier at the surface. 
C)  The increase in density and pressure with depth causes salt to precipitate out of the water, so the water becomes less salty with depth in the mixed layer. 
D)  Salt water is less dense than fresh water, so water with the highest salt content would rise to the surface.

Question 11

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide threatens coral reefs by .

Accepted Answer

A)  decreasing both the temperature and the pH of the oceans 
B)  increasing the temperature and decreasing the pH of the oceans 
C)  decreasing the temperature and increasing the pH of the oceans 
D)  increasing both the temperature and the pH of the oceans 
A)  decreasing both the temperature and the pH of the oceans 
B)  increasing the temperature and decreasing the pH of the oceans 
C)  decreasing the temperature and increasing the pH of the oceans 
D)  increasing both the temperature and the pH of the oceans

Question 12

Where will you find the Gulf Stream?

Accepted Answer

A)  In the Gulf of Mexico 
B)  In the upper atmosphere 
C)  Along the Gulf Coast of the United States, where rivers feed into the ocean 
D)  Off the east coast of the United States 
A)  In the Gulf of Mexico 
B)  In the upper atmosphere 
C)  Along the Gulf Coast of the United States, where rivers feed into the ocean 
D)  Off the east coast of the United States

Question 13

Coral reef populations are threatened by all of the following except .

Accepted Answer

A)  increased ocean acidity 
B)  parasitic algae that break down calcium carbonate 
C)  fishing 
D)  increased ocean temperatures 
A)  increased ocean acidity 
B)  parasitic algae that break down calcium carbonate 
C)  fishing 
D)  increased ocean temperatures

Question 14

In general, coral reef ecosystems are .

Accepted Answer

A)  sensitive to pollution and decreasing ocean pH 
B)  in critical condition in the Caribbean, but healthy elsewhere 
C)  not heavily fished because fishing gear often becomes entangled and damaged by the reefs 
D)  recovering quickly from human- caused damage because corals grow quickly 
A)  sensitive to pollution and decreasing ocean pH 
B)  in critical condition in the Caribbean, but healthy elsewhere 
C)  not heavily fished because fishing gear often becomes entangled and damaged by the reefs 
D)  recovering quickly from human- caused damage because corals grow quickly

Question 15

In addition to increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, humans are negatively impacting coral reefs by .

Accepted Answer

A)  destroying large regions of coral reefs for commercial aquaculture 
B)  introducing alien species that are thought to be more productive 
C)  using large amounts of coral rock to pave roads and build houses 
D)  overharvesting fish and invertebrates that live in reef ecosystems 
A)  destroying large regions of coral reefs for commercial aquaculture 
B)  introducing alien species that are thought to be more productive 
C)  using large amounts of coral rock to pave roads and build houses 
D)  overharvesting fish and invertebrates that live in reef ecosystems

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of nonpoint- source pollution?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fertilizer- enriched runoff from agricultural fields 
B)  Trash dumped from a ship 
C)  Wastes from an industrial facility 
D)  Sewage from a municipal sewage treatment plant 
A)  Fertilizer- enriched runoff from agricultural fields 
B)  Trash dumped from a ship 
C)  Wastes from an industrial facility 
D)  Sewage from a municipal sewage treatment plant

Question 17

Where would you find an estuary?

Accepted Answer

A)  In a marine reserve, where fishing has been banned 
B)  Near a deep- sea vent, where sulfur provides chemical energy for organisms at the bottom of a marine food web 
C)  In an area of high primary production within the pelagic zone 
D)  Where a river flows into an ocean 
A)  In a marine reserve, where fishing has been banned 
B)  Near a deep- sea vent, where sulfur provides chemical energy for organisms at the bottom of a marine food web 
C)  In an area of high primary production within the pelagic zone 
D)  Where a river flows into an ocean

Question 18

Which one of the following scenarios is most likely to result in a body of water becoming hypoxic?

Accepted Answer

A)  The overharvesting of oysters that would have filtered nutrients from ocean water 
B)  The extraction of phytoplankton from the ocean to use as an ingredient in smoothies and health food drinks 
C)  The overfishing of sharks 
D)  An oil tanker running aground and seeping thousands of gallons of oil into the ocean 
A)  The overharvesting of oysters that would have filtered nutrients from ocean water 
B)  The extraction of phytoplankton from the ocean to use as an ingredient in smoothies and health food drinks 
C)  The overfishing of sharks 
D)  An oil tanker running aground and seeping thousands of gallons of oil into the ocean

Question 19

How do the effects of nutrients in upwellings compare to the effects of nutrients from agricultural runoff?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both negatively impact marine ecosystems by causing hypoxia as a result of eutrophication. 
B)  Nutrients from agricultural runoff tend to positively impact marine ecosystems by delivering nutrients that support healthy levels of marine productivity, while upwellings tend to harm marine ecosystems by causing hypoxia as a result of eutrophication. 
C)  Both positively impact marine ecosystems by delivering nutrients that support healthy levels of marine productivity. 
D)  Upwellings tend to positively impact marine ecosystems by delivering nutrients that support healthy levels of marine productivity, while nutrients from agricultural runoff tend to harm marine ecosystems by causing hypoxia as a result of eutrophication. 
A)  Both negatively impact marine ecosystems by causing hypoxia as a result of eutrophication. 
B)  Nutrients from agricultural runoff tend to positively impact marine ecosystems by delivering nutrients that support healthy levels of marine productivity, while upwellings tend to harm marine ecosystems by causing hypoxia as a result of eutrophication. 
C)  Both positively impact marine ecosystems by delivering nutrients that support healthy levels of marine productivity. 
D)  Upwellings tend to positively impact marine ecosystems by delivering nutrients that support healthy levels of marine productivity, while nutrients from agricultural runoff tend to harm marine ecosystems by causing hypoxia as a result of eutrophication.

Question 20

Upwelling .

Accepted Answer

A)  results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface 
B)  occurs in areas where there are no currents 
C)  transports oxygen up toward the ocean surface 
D)  is the flow of warm water up toward the ocean surface 
A)  results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface 
B)  occurs in areas where there are no currents 
C)  transports oxygen up toward the ocean surface 
D)  is the flow of warm water up toward the ocean surface

Which of the following occurs when atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ increase?

Which of the following statements about ocean productivity is true?

Hydrothermal vents .

The climatic event that involves the exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as .

Give examples of point- source and nonpoint- source pollutants, and describe how each one affects marine ecosystems.

In which of the following zones would you be least likely to find phytoplankton?

Explain the motives for establishing marine reserves and marine protected areas. Describe the difference between the two.

-What is the source of energy used by primary producers living in the abyssal zone?

-Which of the following is a characteristic of a marine dead zone?

-Which of the following is the best explanation for the relationship between salinity and depth in the mixed layer?

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide threatens coral reefs by .

Where will you find the Gulf Stream?

Coral reef populations are threatened by all of the following except .

In general, coral reef ecosystems are .

In addition to increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, humans are negatively impacting coral reefs by .

Which of the following is an example of nonpoint- source pollution?

Where would you find an estuary?

Which one of the following scenarios is most likely to result in a body of water becoming hypoxic?

How do the effects of nutrients in upwellings compare to the effects of nutrients from agricultural runoff?

Upwelling .

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Exam 15: Solid and Hazardous Waste

Which of the following occurs when atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase?

Which of the following statements about ocean productivity is true?

Hydrothermal vents .

The climatic event that involves the exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as .

Give examples of point- source and nonpoint- source pollutants, and describe how each one affects marine ecosystems.

In which of the following zones would you be least likely to find phytoplankton?

Explain the motives for establishing marine reserves and marine protected areas. Describe the difference between the two.

-What is the source of energy used by primary producers living in the abyssal zone?

-Which of the following is a characteristic of a marine dead zone?

-Which of the following is the best explanation for the relationship between salinity and depth in the mixed layer?

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide threatens coral reefs by .

Where will you find the Gulf Stream?

Coral reef populations are threatened by all of the following except .

In general, coral reef ecosystems are .

In addition to increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, humans are negatively impacting coral reefs by .

Which of the following is an example of nonpoint- source pollution?

Where would you find an estuary?

Which one of the following scenarios is most likely to result in a body of water becoming hypoxic?

How do the effects of nutrients in upwellings compare to the effects of nutrients from agricultural runoff?

Upwelling .

The Science of Sustainability

Environmental Policy

Economics and Values

Biodiversity and Evolution

Populations and Communities

Ecosystems and Biomes

Biogeochemical Cycles

Freshwater

Atmosphere and Air Pollution

Oceans

Climate

Human Populations

Land Use

Agriculture

Human Health and the Environment

Energy Use

Nonrenewable Energy

Renewable Energy

Science Fundamentals

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Which of the following occurs when atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ increase?