Exam 2: The Federal Reserve and Its Powers

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Open market purchases by the Fed reduce total reserves in the banking system.

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How has the power structure of the Fed changed since 1913?

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The Fed has centralized as the U.S. has evolved from a confederation of regional economies to a truly national economy. The 12 Federal Reserve Banks, once largely autonomous in their respective regional districts, remain operationally important but have lost their authority to set monetary policy. They are a minority (5 votes out of 12) on the FOMC, which sets U.S. monetary policy under ultimate control of the Board of Governors.

Reserve requirements apply only to member banks in Federal Reserve System.

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Federal Reserve regulations affect many nonbank institutions.

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Excess reserves cost a depository institution nothing to maintain.

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Though decentralized in geography, today's Fed is highly centralized in power structure.

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Monetary policy is a highly partisan issue.

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In the check-clearing system DACI usually exceeds CIPC, creating Fed float.

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As the Fed expands the monetary base, bank loans and investments should expand also.

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A primary function of the Fed is economic stabilization via control of the money supply.

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Why is changing the discount rate not a viable tool for conducting monetary policy?

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Excess reserve balances pay interest; required reserve balances do not.

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How has the Fed's balance sheet changed since 2008? Why have these changes occurred and what are their implications?

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The TARP program allowed the government to purchase troubled loans from banks during and after the financial crisis.

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The Discount Rate provides the Fed with direct control on the money supply.

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The most important new power granted to the Fed by the Dodd-Frank Act was to expand its power to manage systemic risk.

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Open Market Operations are the primary tool of monetary policy today.

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The Federal Open Market Committee basically establishes our nation's monetary policy.

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Compare and contrast the "tools of monetary policy" in terms of their relative usefulness.

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The Federal Reserve is independently funded and thus immune to any political pressure.

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