Exam 8: Memory

Forgetting occurs because physical memory traces are thought to fade away with time and disuse. This is referred to as _.

Though both are effective for keeping information active in short-term memory, elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal for facilitating the transfer of information into memory.

Semantic encoding is considered to involve "deeper" processing than phonological encoding does.

Troy knows how to tie his own shoes and can do it almost without thinking about it as he ties them. Troy remembers the first time he learned to tie his shoes by himself. For Troy, the memory of that first time is a(n) .

According to Craik and colleagues at the University of Toronto, semantic encoding is a deeper level of processing than phonemic encoding, which itself is a deeper level of processing than is encoding.

When information to be memorized is organized into a hierarchy, this capitalizes on the fact that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts.

Goodman et al. investigated the impact of misleading questions on children's memories for a traumatic event (i.e., a painful hospital procedure) and found that overall, younger children had memories that were less accurate than older children and that misleading questions had effect on children's memories for this particular event.

With regard to human memory, the assumed process whereby incoming information is translated into a neural code that your brain can understand is called:

Research has found that the primacy effect disappears if:

Peter is studying for an exam and wants to maximize his learning. He knows that the best way to retrieve information is to encode it with multiple cues for retrieval. Therefore Peter finds out the room the exam will be given in and he goes to that room each night to study for the exam. Peter is relying on maximizing the advantage that he might receive From:

Both remembering and forgetting are adaptive processes for human beings.

Imagine that you have studied for an exam in a noisy environment and your state of physiological arousal has been low while you were studying. If on the day of the exam you were given the test in a quiet environment and your physiological arousal was high (due to test anxiety), the concept of state-dependent memory would predict that your Recall would be poor and the concept of context-dependent memory would predict that your recall would _.

Many modern cognitive memory researchers believe that short-term memory is a system that actively and simultaneously processes different kinds of information and supports other cognitive functions, such as problem solving. Based on this belief, these cognitive memory researchers refer to short-term memory as:

The cerebellum plays a critical role in the encoding of long-term declarative memories.

Dr. Albert conducts a study in which she first trains rats to run a maze. She then intentionally damages a particular portion of the rats' thalamus and observes the impact that this has on the rats' learning and performance in the maze. Dr. Albert's research is best characterized as an example of a:

Researchers now believe that memories are not stored like video recordings at various locations in the brain, but rather, are distributed throughout the brain. The region of the brain that plays an important role in consolidating our memories before they are stored across the brain is the _ _.

This component of working memory allows us to temporarily store and manipulate images. This component is the _.

If we desired to eliminate the recency effect, we could:

Which of the following statements regarding the tendency for people to forget traumatic personal events is most accurate?

A patient arrives at the emergency room and seems to have difficulty with various aspects of working memory. You might expect damage to the