Exam 12: Development of Self and Social Understandings

Which one of the following acquisitions related to theory of mind first appears in the elementary school years?

You want to foster the development of effective social cognition in a group of children. Which one of the following techniques is least likely to be effective?

Which one of the following is most likely to be true for children who have a strong ethnic identity?

Think about an older adolescent or young adult you know well-perhaps a sibling or close friend. Decide which of the following labels-identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, or identity achievement-best describes the individual's progress in forming an adult identity. Justify your response using several examples of the person's behavior.

Which one of the following best illustrates a sense of identity?

Chelsea thinks of herself as outgoing and goofy when she's with her friends, but she knows she can be pretty quiet and moody when she's with her parents. She is confused by these very different sides of herself. Chelsea is most likely to be in:

Marcus likes to drink beer, and he loves to drive fast. He knows that it is generally dangerous for other people to drink and drive, but he believes he is an especially skillful driver and can do so without risk of injury. Which one of the following concepts best helps us explain Marcus's behavior?

On average, children who attend schools for gifted students have lower self-esteem than children of equal intelligence who attend regular schools with students of widely varying abilities. If we consider research about factors affecting youngsters' sense of self, we can explain this finding in which one of the following ways?

Pretend you are in tenth grade. Write a self-description of 75-100 words as a typical 16-year-old might write it.

Three-year-old Stacey watches her father put away the groceries he has just brought home. She is particularly interested in the package of Oreo cookies, which he puts in the breadbox just before leaving the room. A few minutes later, Stacey's mother opens the breadbox, exclaims, "Goodness, these Oreos belong in the cupboard!" and moves them to the correct spot. At lunchtime Stacey asks her father for an Oreo cookie. Given the typical development of theory of mind in 3-year-olds, which one of the following will she expect him to do?

Which one of the following appears earliest in the development of children's sense of self?

Which one of the following statements reflects a child's autobiographical self?

Adults can most effectively enhance children's sense of self when they:

Which one of the following examples best illustrates how the imaginary audience can be a factor in an adolescent's developing sense of self?

Ten-year-old Mark is overheard telling tasteless jokes about the homeless people he sees on city sidewalks. When his teacher confronts him about his intolerant remarks, he responds, "All those people are just lazy. They need to get a job!" Mark's response is a good example of:

What is the tendency to conform to one's own ideas about appropriate behavior?

As a classroom teacher, you want to actively work on breaking down stereotypes and prejudices. Which one of the following techniques is least likely to be effective?

As a 17-year-old high school senior, Julian has no sense of direction. Over the past year he has dabbled in auto mechanics, photography, and Buddhism, but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or two. Julian can best be described as showing:

Youngsters begin to think more systematically about what other people might be thinking about them during:

Students' self-perceptions related to school subject matter affect their learning and performance in the classroom. Imagine that you are a teacher with several students who have very little self-confidence regarding their ability to perform in your class. Simply giving them encouragement-for example, "You can do it if you try!"-may not be especially effective. Keeping in mind the factors that affect students' sense of self, describe three different strategies you might use to enhance your students' confidence that they can succeed in school. Describe each of these strategies in terms of specific things that you might do in the classroom.