Exam 8: Development of Emotions in Childhood

A recent study by Nelson and Russell (2011) tested 3-to-5-year-olds' ability to recognize happiness, sadness, anger, and fearfulness in three conditions (face-only, voice-only, body posture-only). Results showed that children were most successful at recognizing emotions in the _________ condition and least successful in the _________ condition.

Evidence suggests that newborn babies experience the following emotional states:

The idea that infants start out with two basic emotion states and that more emotions emerge later during development, perhaps as a result of changes in hedonic tone and general arousal is consistent with which one of the following theories?

The largest growth of fear expressions occurs between ______________ of age. This rate is moderated by mothers' level of sensitivity, such that having a more sensitive mother is associated with a _____ rate of increase in fear over time.

Based on the mirror-rouge paradigm, a child who detects a mark of rouge on their face would be predicted to:

There are developmental changes in the kinds of events that elicit specific emotions. Four and five year olds tend to fear ___________________ whereas adolescents tend to fear __________________.

Pride and guilt are examples of _________ emotions. These emotions begin to emerge in children who are ______ years of age.

The negativity bias is:

The idea that we have basic emotions that are based on hardwired systems that mature during development on a kind of developmental timetable is fundamental to which one of the following theories?

Social referencing is:

According to the _________________, emotional development takes place as children establish new goal states and new ways of evaluating emotional events, and as their relationships with others change over time.

One method of regulating emotions is cognitive change, which is when:

Bennett and colleagues (2005) used an arm restraint condition to elicit emotional expressions from 4 and 12 month old infants. Four and 12 month olds were similar in that the most common emotion that they expressed was _______. As for angry expressions, 4 month olds differed from 12 month olds because the 4 month olds expressed anger _______________.

The approximate temporal onset of regulatory processes described in Chapter 8 describes ________ as occurring prior to _________.

There is a key developmental milestone that seems to enable the experience and expression of anger in children. To feel and express anger children must:

The development of ________________________ allows for experiences of empathy and embarrassment.