Exam 10: Decentralization and Performance Evaluation

Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "The only way we can plant both annuals and perennials is by planting from both cuttings and seed." P = We plant perennials. A = We plant annuals. S = We plant from seed. C = We plant from cuttings.

Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "We can plant perennials only if we plant from cuttings." P = We plant perennials. C = We plant from cuttings.

Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "The only way we can avoid threatening wildlife is to avoid increasing agricultural production." W = Wildlife are (or will be) threatened. A = Agricultural production is increased.

Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "We can go camping only if our packages arrive today." A = We go camping. S = Our packages arrive today.

Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "Wildlife will be threatened if either agricultural production is increased or pesticide use is continued." W = Wildlife are (or will be) threatened. A = Agricultural production is increased. P = The use of pesticides is continued.

Use the short truth-table method to determine whether the following is valid or invalid: J → U C → K ~(~J & ~C)/∴ ~B → (U & ~K)

Determine whether the following is valid or invalid: Either she ordered the eggplant, or she ordered the calamari, though possibly she might have ordered both. Well, she ordered the eggplant. So, she didn't order the calamari.

Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "Agricultural production will not increase even though the use of pesticides is continued." A = Agricultural production is increased. P = The use of pesticides is continued.

Use the short truth-table method to determine whether the following is valid or invalid: A → B C → D ~(~A & ~C)/∴ ~B → (D & ~B)

Determine which of the lettered claims below is equivalent to the following: It's sufficient for Steve to be tested in order for him to give blood. (This is easy to do if you symbolize the claims first and have some familiarity either with truth tables or with the Group II rules for derivations-the truth-functional equivalences.)

Use the short truth-table method to determine whether the following is valid or invalid: P → Q ~(Q & ~R) ~R v S ~(S & ~T) T/∴ P

Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "If we leave now, we can either take the bus or the train." A = We leave now. S = We take the bus. P = We take the train.

Use the short truth-table method to determine whether the following is valid or invalid: ~J v ~M ~(Y → G) ~(~H v ~J) ~(Y & H) v (J → M)/∴ ~Y

Determine whether the following symbolized argument is valid or invalid. If invalid, provide a counterexample; if valid, construct a deduction. P v ~Q R → Q ~P ~R → ~W/∴ W

Use the short truth-table method to determine whether the following is valid or invalid: P → Q Q → R R → S P/∴ S v T

Using the letters provided below, symbolize this claim: "If we are to increase agricultural production, we'll have to continue the use of pesticides, but if we do that wildlife will be threatened." W = Wildlife are (or will be) threatened. A = Agricultural production is increased. P = The use of pesticides is continued.

Symbolize the following argument, and test it for validity. If valid, construct a deduction; if invalid, assign truth values that show that the premises can be while the conclusion is . Use these letters: D = The drought will continue; S = We get an early storm; M = Managers of the ski areas will be happy; F = There will be great fire danger next year. If there's no early storm, the drought will continue. And if the drought continues, there will be a great danger of fire next year. So, if there is to be no great danger of fire next year, there must be an early storm.

Determine whether the following is valid or invalid: It's time to leave when they start putting up the chairs, as they're doing right now.

Use the short truth-table method to determine whether the following is valid or invalid: P → (Q & R) R → (T v S) ~T v (U & ~W) P/∴ ~W

Determine whether the following symbolized argument is valid or invalid. If invalid, provide a counterexample; if valid, construct a deduction. (P → T) & S S → (T → R) ~R/∴ ~T