Question 1

The _____ is a large bundle of axons that constitutes the major connection between the two cerebral hemispheres.

Accepted Answer

A)  gyrus 
B)  sulcus 
C)  corpus callosum 
D)  gray matter 
A)  gyrus 
B)  sulcus 
C)  corpus callosum 
D)  gray matter C

Question 2

What is the role of voltage-gated channels in the course of an action potential? Describe the events in which they play their crucial role.

Accepted Answer

When a neuron receives a signal from another neuron, the receiving neuron undergoes an abrupt change in membrane potential, which causes voltage-gated sodium channels to open at the base of the axon, where it emerges from the cell body. This in turn allows extracellular sodium ions (Na+) to flow into the axon. They move into the axon because the concentration of Na+ ions is much greater outside the membrane than inside. The influx of positively charged Na+ ions causes the membrane potential to become more positive. This change in membrane potential is called depolarization because the membrane potential is becoming less polarized-that is, less extreme, moving from −70 mV toward 0. If the depolarization surpasses a threshold at about −45 mV, the inflow of Na+ ions continues rapidly until the difference in electric charge at the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane is reversed, with the inside of the axon becoming more positively charged than the outside, resulting in a membrane potential of about +30 mV at its peak. Immediately after the sodium channels open, they close again, stemming the inflow of Na+ ions, and nearby potassium channels open (in response to the depolarization of the membrane), allowing positively charged potassium ions (K+) to flow out of the axon, again driven by the concentration difference. The outflow of K+ ions pushes the membrane potential back toward its resting value of −70 mV, a process called repolarization. Like the sodium channels, the potassium channels close again immediately after opening. The membrane potential briefly exceeds the resting potential-this is termed hyperpolarization-before returning to the resting potential.

Question 3

Sensory receptors convert _____ into neural signals.

Accepted Answer

A)  difference threshold 
B)  absolute threshold 
C)  distal stimuli 
D)  proximal stimuli 
A)  difference threshold 
B)  absolute threshold 
C)  distal stimuli 
D)  proximal stimuli D

Question 4

Our sense of limb position and movement is due to:

Accepted Answer

A)  proprioception. 
B)  nociception. 
C)  olfaction. 
D)  gustation. 
A)  proprioception. 
B)  nociception. 
C)  olfaction. 
D)  gustation.

Question 5

When a neuron receives a signal from another neuron, the voltage-gated sodium ion channels of the receiving neuron:

Accepted Answer

A)  lead to hyperpolarization when opened. 
B)  are found in the dendrites. 
C)  allow Na+ ions to exit the neuron. 
D)  allow Na+ ions to enter the neuron. 
A)  lead to hyperpolarization when opened. 
B)  are found in the dendrites. 
C)  allow Na+ ions to exit the neuron. 
D)  allow Na+ ions to enter the neuron.

Question 6

Describe five distal stimuli and their associated proximal stimuli that one experiences in the environment. No two stimuli should have the same perceptual dimension. For each of these distal stimuli, discuss the top-down information used in perceiving it.

Accepted Answer

Answers should first relate sensory expe

Question 7

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of self-driving cars over human-controlled ones.

Accepted Answer

Self-driving cars may be involved in few

Question 8

In the field of cognitive neuropsychology, findings based on studies of just a few individuals can be generalized and applied to most human brains based on the:

Accepted Answer

A)  doctrine of specific nerve energy. 
B)  notion of modularity. 
C)  assumption of cognitive uniformity. 
D)  concept of functional specialization. 
A)  doctrine of specific nerve energy. 
B)  notion of modularity. 
C)  assumption of cognitive uniformity. 
D)  concept of functional specialization.

Question 9

Through some tasty culinary investigation, Chef Willie has found the difference threshold for the sweetness of sugar in a cake. For a cake with 100 mg of sugar, the difference threshold is 5 mg. According to Weber's law, how much sugar would need to be added to a cake already containing 250 mg of sugar in order to make it taste just noticeably sweeter?

Accepted Answer

A)  5 mg 
B)  10 mg 
C)  12.5 mg 
D)  20 mg 
A)  5 mg 
B)  10 mg 
C)  12.5 mg 
D)  20 mg

Question 10

A perceived object or event in the world is known as a:

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory receptor. 
B)  distal stimuli. 
C)  proximal stimuli. 
D)  neural signal. 
A)  sensory receptor. 
B)  distal stimuli. 
C)  proximal stimuli. 
D)  neural signal.

Question 11

_____ refers to the later steps in the perceptual process, whereby the initial sensory signals are used to represent objects and events so they can be identified, stored in memory, and used in thought and action.

Accepted Answer

A)  Perception 
B)  Sensation 
C)  Dissociation 
D)  Transduction 
A)  Perception 
B)  Sensation 
C)  Dissociation 
D)  Transduction

Question 12

Which statement does NOT describe an idea contained in the modern theory of evolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  Organisms with adaptive new traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms lacking these traits. 
B)  Occasionally, a mutation that yields an adaptive new trait could be passed on to the offspring through DNA. 
C)  Organisms have genotypes that are observable characteristics or traits. 
D)  Like all other traits, senses have evolved through natural selection. 
A)  Organisms with adaptive new traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms lacking these traits. 
B)  Occasionally, a mutation that yields an adaptive new trait could be passed on to the offspring through DNA. 
C)  Organisms have genotypes that are observable characteristics or traits. 
D)  Like all other traits, senses have evolved through natural selection.

Question 13

The _____ states that perception depends on the combined activity of many specialized neurons, each of which responds to specific aspects of a stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  neuron doctrine 
B)  law of specific nerve energies 
C)  principle of natural selection 
D)  law of structural specificity 
A)  neuron doctrine 
B)  law of specific nerve energies 
C)  principle of natural selection 
D)  law of structural specificity

Question 14

Cognitive neuroscience measures neural activity:

Accepted Answer

A)  only at the level of individual neurons. 
B)  only in neural circuits. 
C)  both at the level of individual neurons and groups of neurons and neural circuits. 
D)  through simple behavioral responses. 
A)  only at the level of individual neurons. 
B)  only in neural circuits. 
C)  both at the level of individual neurons and groups of neurons and neural circuits. 
D)  through simple behavioral responses.

Question 15

The staircase method is a variation on the method of:

Accepted Answer

A)  limits. 
B)  adjustment. 
C)  constant stimuli. 
D)  minimal perception. 
A)  limits. 
B)  adjustment. 
C)  constant stimuli. 
D)  minimal perception.

Question 16

Describe three activities in which one uses three different senses to detect small differences in the intensity of sensory stimuli. What role does difference threshold play in each activity?

Accepted Answer

Cooking can be taken as an example here

Question 17

The MOST important subcortical structure involved in perception through which most neural signals originating in the sensory organs pass on their paths to the cortex is known as the:

Accepted Answer

A)  thalamus. 
B)  hippocampus. 
C)  amygdala. 
D)  corpus callosum. 
A)  thalamus. 
B)  hippocampus. 
C)  amygdala. 
D)  corpus callosum.

Question 18

A neuropsychologist has been studying two patients who suffered strokes. One of the patients can still understand spoken English but can only speak gibberish. The other patient can still speak English fluently but can no longer understand spoken English. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  a single dissociation. 
B)  a double dissociation. 
C)  experience-dependent plasticity. 
D)  an inferior lobe damage 
A)  a single dissociation. 
B)  a double dissociation. 
C)  experience-dependent plasticity. 
D)  an inferior lobe damage

Question 19

A person's knowledge, expectations, and goals that can affect perception are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  bottom-up information. 
B)  top-down information. 
C)  the absolute threshold. 
D)  proximal stimuli. 
A)  bottom-up information. 
B)  top-down information. 
C)  the absolute threshold. 
D)  proximal stimuli.

Question 20

Psychophysics assesses perceptual experience on the basis of:

Accepted Answer

A)  neural activity at the level of individual neurons. 
B)  transduction. 
C)  depolarization. 
D)  simple behavioral responses. 
A)  neural activity at the level of individual neurons. 
B)  transduction. 
C)  depolarization. 
D)  simple behavioral responses.

The _____ is a large bundle of axons that constitutes the major connection between the two cerebral hemispheres.

What is the role of voltage-gated channels in the course of an action potential? Describe the events in which they play their crucial role.

Sensory receptors convert _____ into neural signals.

Our sense of limb position and movement is due to:

When a neuron receives a signal from another neuron, the voltage-gated sodium ion channels of the receiving neuron:

Describe five distal stimuli and their associated proximal stimuli that one experiences in the environment. No two stimuli should have the same perceptual dimension. For each of these distal stimuli, discuss the top-down information used in perceiving it.

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of self-driving cars over human-controlled ones.

In the field of cognitive neuropsychology, findings based on studies of just a few individuals can be generalized and applied to most human brains based on the:

A perceived object or event in the world is known as a:

_____ refers to the later steps in the perceptual process, whereby the initial sensory signals are used to represent objects and events so they can be identified, stored in memory, and used in thought and action.

Which statement does NOT describe an idea contained in the modern theory of evolution?

The _____ states that perception depends on the combined activity of many specialized neurons, each of which responds to specific aspects of a stimulus.

Cognitive neuroscience measures neural activity:

The staircase method is a variation on the method of:

Describe three activities in which one uses three different senses to detect small differences in the intensity of sensory stimuli. What role does difference threshold play in each activity?

The MOST important subcortical structure involved in perception through which most neural signals originating in the sensory organs pass on their paths to the cortex is known as the:

A neuropsychologist has been studying two patients who suffered strokes. One of the patients can still understand spoken English but can only speak gibberish. The other patient can still speak English fluently but can no longer understand spoken English. This is an example of:

A person's knowledge, expectations, and goals that can affect perception are referred to as:

Psychophysics assesses perceptual experience on the basis of:

Light and the Eyes

The Visual Brain

Recognizing Visual Objects

Perceiving Color

Perceiving Depth

Perceiving Motion

Perception for Action

Attention and Awareness

Sound and the Ears

The Auditory Brain and Perceiving Auditory Scenes

Perceiving Speech and Music

The Body Senses

Olfaction: Perceiving Odors

Gustation: Perceiving Tastes and Flavors

Filters

Exam 1: Foundations

The _____ is a large bundle of axons that constitutes the major connection between the two cerebral hemispheres.

What is the role of voltage-gated channels in the course of an action potential? Describe the events in which they play their crucial role.

Sensory receptors convert _____ into neural signals.

Our sense of limb position and movement is due to:

When a neuron receives a signal from another neuron, the voltage-gated sodium ion channels of the receiving neuron:

Describe five distal stimuli and their associated proximal stimuli that one experiences in the environment. No two stimuli should have the same perceptual dimension. For each of these distal stimuli, discuss the top-down information used in perceiving it.

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of self-driving cars over human-controlled ones.

In the field of cognitive neuropsychology, findings based on studies of just a few individuals can be generalized and applied to most human brains based on the:

A perceived object or event in the world is known as a:

_____ refers to the later steps in the perceptual process, whereby the initial sensory signals are used to represent objects and events so they can be identified, stored in memory, and used in thought and action.

Which statement does NOT describe an idea contained in the modern theory of evolution?

The _____ states that perception depends on the combined activity of many specialized neurons, each of which responds to specific aspects of a stimulus.

Cognitive neuroscience measures neural activity:

The staircase method is a variation on the method of:

Describe three activities in which one uses three different senses to detect small differences in the intensity of sensory stimuli. What role does difference threshold play in each activity?

The MOST important subcortical structure involved in perception through which most neural signals originating in the sensory organs pass on their paths to the cortex is known as the:

A neuropsychologist has been studying two patients who suffered strokes. One of the patients can still understand spoken English but can only speak gibberish. The other patient can still speak English fluently but can no longer understand spoken English. This is an example of:

A person's knowledge, expectations, and goals that can affect perception are referred to as:

Psychophysics assesses perceptual experience on the basis of:

Light and the Eyes

The Visual Brain

Recognizing Visual Objects

Perceiving Color

Perceiving Depth

Perceiving Motion

Perception for Action

Attention and Awareness

Sound and the Ears

The Auditory Brain and Perceiving Auditory Scenes

Perceiving Speech and Music

The Body Senses

Olfaction: Perceiving Odors

Gustation: Perceiving Tastes and Flavors

Filters