Question 1

Causal validity refers to the ______ of an assertion that A causes B

Accepted Answer

A)  invalidity 
B)  reliability 
C)  truthfulness 
D)  improbability 
A)  invalidity 
B)  reliability 
C)  truthfulness 
D)  improbability C

Question 2

Using control theory, Pate and Hamilton (1992) found that having a "stake in conformity" (resulting from inclusion in social networks at work or in the community) ______ a person's likelihood of committing crimes.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases 
B)  had no effect 
C)  decreases 
D)  had a constructive effect 
A)  increases 
B)  had no effect 
C)  decreases 
D)  had a constructive effect C

Question 3

The qualitative interview data allowed O'Neal and Spohn to understand the process of making an arrest from the arrestee's perspective.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

O'Neal and Spohn (2017) explored factors that influence arrest and charging decisions in cases of intimate partner sexual assault cases by examining ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  quantitative data from Los Angeles (L
A)  and qualitative data by talking to friends of perpetrators 
B)  quantitative data from LA, interviewed LA Police Department (LAP
D)  detectives and examined LA District Attorney (LAD
A)  charge evaluation sheets 
C)  qualitative data from LAPD and quantitative data from LADA 
D)  all of these 
A)  quantitative data from Los Angeles (L
A)  and qualitative data by talking to friends of perpetrators 
B)  quantitative data from LA, interviewed LA Police Department (LAP
D)  detectives and examined LA District Attorney (LAD
A)  charge evaluation sheets 
C)  qualitative data from LAPD and quantitative data from LADA 
D)  all of these

Question 5

What is meant by "every research question in criminology should be grounded in the existing empirical literature?"

Accepted Answer

A)  the questions must be built on a constantly shifting body of literature 
B)  the research must be informed by what others before us have done on the topic 
C)  it cannot rely on a substantial body of contradictory theories 
D)  theory cannot be a rich source of research questions therefore we must rely on what others have found 
A)  the questions must be built on a constantly shifting body of literature 
B)  the research must be informed by what others before us have done on the topic 
C)  it cannot rely on a substantial body of contradictory theories 
D)  theory cannot be a rich source of research questions therefore we must rely on what others have found

Question 6

The first phase of Sherman and Berk's study of IPV was ______ research.

Accepted Answer

A)  inductive 
B)  deductive 
C)  evaluation 
D)  confirmatory 
A)  inductive 
B)  deductive 
C)  evaluation 
D)  confirmatory

Question 7

What is epistemology and how does it relate to methodology?

Accepted Answer

Epistemology is a branch of ph

Question 8

The first step in achieving measurement validity is ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  in establishing the validity of research 
B)  to specify clearly what it is we intend to measure 
C)  improving our understanding of logistical reality 
D)  generalizing from a sample to a subset of the population 
A)  in establishing the validity of research 
B)  to specify clearly what it is we intend to measure 
C)  improving our understanding of logistical reality 
D)  generalizing from a sample to a subset of the population

Question 9

______ research begins at the bottom of the research circle and works upward.

Accepted Answer

A)  Deductive 
B)  Constant 
C)  Inductive 
D)  Hypothethical 
A)  Deductive 
B)  Constant 
C)  Inductive 
D)  Hypothethical

Question 10

"Poverty level in a community (percent of population living below the poverty level)" is an example of a(n) ______ variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  independent 
B)  dependent 
C)  hypothetical 
D)  constructive 
A)  independent 
B)  dependent 
C)  hypothetical 
D)  constructive

Question 11

The type of research in which specific data are used to develop a general explanation is known as ______ research.

Accepted Answer

A)  falsifiable 
B)  deductive 
C)  empirical 
D)  inductive 
A)  falsifiable 
B)  deductive 
C)  empirical 
D)  inductive

Question 12

The primary source of research questions for many researchers is ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  personal experience 
B)  scientific troubles 
C)  theory 
D)  criminological evaluation 
A)  personal experience 
B)  scientific troubles 
C)  theory 
D)  criminological evaluation

Question 13

What is the NCVS? Who does it survey, and what is the topic? Why is it important?

Accepted Answer

The National Crime Victimization Survey

Question 14

A survey of 250 high school seniors asked about their illegal drug use and their friends' illegal drug use in the past 6 months. They were then compared to the frequency of illegal drug use between students who had used illegal drugs and those whose friends had not used illegal drugs. The conclusion they reached was that drug use was, in part, due to the influence of peers. Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  If the survey questions indicated the frequency with which the students and their peers took illegal drugs, we have achieved measurement validity. 
B)  If the survey questions indicated the likelihood with which the students and their peers took illegal drugs, we have achieved causal validity. 
C)  There is no way of knowing from these statements whether the results were generalizable. 
D)  There is no way of knowing from these statements if they were causally valid. 
A)  If the survey questions indicated the frequency with which the students and their peers took illegal drugs, we have achieved measurement validity. 
B)  If the survey questions indicated the likelihood with which the students and their peers took illegal drugs, we have achieved causal validity. 
C)  There is no way of knowing from these statements whether the results were generalizable. 
D)  There is no way of knowing from these statements if they were causally valid.

Question 15

According to King, Keohane, and Verba, the criteria for a good research question are ______ relevance.

Accepted Answer

A)  formability, social importance, and scientific 
B)  feasibility, social criteria, and scientific 
C)  feasibility, social importance, and social 
D)  feasibility, social importance, and scientific 
A)  formability, social importance, and scientific 
B)  feasibility, social criteria, and scientific 
C)  feasibility, social importance, and social 
D)  feasibility, social importance, and scientific

Question 16

A(n) ______ is a tentative statement about empirical reality involving the relationship between two or more variables.

Accepted Answer

A)  research circle 
B)  constant 
C)  anomalous finding 
D)  hypothesis 
A)  research circle 
B)  constant 
C)  anomalous finding 
D)  hypothesis

Question 17

Empirical reality is ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  reality we come to know through encounters with cross-populations 
B)  the truthfulness of an assertion that A causes B 
C)  when a conclusion based on a sample or subset of a larger population holds true for that population 
D)  the reality we encounter firsthand, by conducting research that leads to valid knowledge about the world 
A)  reality we come to know through encounters with cross-populations 
B)  the truthfulness of an assertion that A causes B 
C)  when a conclusion based on a sample or subset of a larger population holds true for that population 
D)  the reality we encounter firsthand, by conducting research that leads to valid knowledge about the world

Question 18

Labeling theory distinguishes between ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  primary deviance and secondary deviance 
B)  marginally rational beings and nonrational ones 
C)  falsifiable statements and philosophical statements 
D)  parts of a theory that describe what is important to look at 
A)  primary deviance and secondary deviance 
B)  marginally rational beings and nonrational ones 
C)  falsifiable statements and philosophical statements 
D)  parts of a theory that describe what is important to look at

Question 19

The first concern in criminological research is deciding ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  how to study something 
B)  how expensive a study would have to be in order to be good 
C)  how expansive a study would have to be in order to be feasible 
D)  what to study 
A)  how to study something 
B)  how expensive a study would have to be in order to be good 
C)  how expansive a study would have to be in order to be feasible 
D)  what to study

Question 20

What is secondary data analysis? Why is it important?

Accepted Answer

It is the analysis of data col

Causal validity refers to the ______ of an assertion that A causes B

Using control theory, Pate and Hamilton (1992) found that having a "stake in conformity" (resulting from inclusion in social networks at work or in the community) ______ a person's likelihood of committing crimes.

The qualitative interview data allowed O'Neal and Spohn to understand the process of making an arrest from the arrestee's perspective.

O'Neal and Spohn (2017) explored factors that influence arrest and charging decisions in cases of intimate partner sexual assault cases by examining ______.

What is meant by "every research question in criminology should be grounded in the existing empirical literature?"

The first phase of Sherman and Berk's study of IPV was ______ research.

What is epistemology and how does it relate to methodology?

The first step in achieving measurement validity is ______.

______ research begins at the bottom of the research circle and works upward.

"Poverty level in a community (percent of population living below the poverty level)" is an example of a(n) ______ variable.

The type of research in which specific data are used to develop a general explanation is known as ______ research.

The primary source of research questions for many researchers is ______.

What is the NCVS? Who does it survey, and what is the topic? Why is it important?

According to King, Keohane, and Verba, the criteria for a good research question are ______ relevance.

A(n) ______ is a tentative statement about empirical reality involving the relationship between two or more variables.

Empirical reality is ______.

Labeling theory distinguishes between ______.

The first concern in criminological research is deciding ______.

What is secondary data analysis? Why is it important?

Science, Society, and Research Related to Criminal Justice and Criminology

Ethical Guidelines for Research

Conceptualization and Measurement

Sampling

Causation and Experimentation

Survey Research

Qualitative Methods and Data Analysis

Analyzing Content and Police Data: Social-Network Analysis, Crime Mapping, Big Data, and Content Analysis

Evaluation and Policy Analysis

Mixing and Comparing Methods

Summarizing and Reporting Research

Filters

Exam 2: The Process and Problems of Research Related to Crime and Criminology

Causal validity refers to the ______ of an assertion that A causes B

Using control theory, Pate and Hamilton (1992) found that having a "stake in conformity" (resulting from inclusion in social networks at work or in the community) ______ a person's likelihood of committing crimes.

The qualitative interview data allowed O'Neal and Spohn to understand the process of making an arrest from the arrestee's perspective.

O'Neal and Spohn (2017) explored factors that influence arrest and charging decisions in cases of intimate partner sexual assault cases by examining ______.

What is meant by "every research question in criminology should be grounded in the existing empirical literature?"

The first phase of Sherman and Berk's study of IPV was ______ research.

What is epistemology and how does it relate to methodology?

The first step in achieving measurement validity is ______.

______ research begins at the bottom of the research circle and works upward.

"Poverty level in a community (percent of population living below the poverty level)" is an example of a(n) ______ variable.

The type of research in which specific data are used to develop a general explanation is known as ______ research.

The primary source of research questions for many researchers is ______.

What is the NCVS? Who does it survey, and what is the topic? Why is it important?

According to King, Keohane, and Verba, the criteria for a good research question are ______ relevance.

A(n) ______ is a tentative statement about empirical reality involving the relationship between two or more variables.

Empirical reality is ______.

Labeling theory distinguishes between ______.

The first concern in criminological research is deciding ______.

What is secondary data analysis? Why is it important?

Science, Society, and Research Related to Criminal Justice and Criminology

Ethical Guidelines for Research

Conceptualization and Measurement

Sampling

Causation and Experimentation

Survey Research

Qualitative Methods and Data Analysis

Analyzing Content and Police Data: Social-Network Analysis, Crime Mapping, Big Data, and Content Analysis

Evaluation and Policy Analysis

Mixing and Comparing Methods

Summarizing and Reporting Research

Filters