Question 1

The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge of their own biases is MOST related to a deficiency in which aspect of critical thinking?

Accepted Answer

A)  Critical thinking skills 
B)  Metacognitive reflection 
C)  Knowledge of the rules for reasoning 
D)  Knowledge of a subject 
A)  Critical thinking skills 
B)  Metacognitive reflection 
C)  Knowledge of the rules for reasoning 
D)  Knowledge of a subject

Question 2

_____ are often marked by expressive behaviors, subjective experience, motivated dispositions to behave a certain way, and physiological changes.

Accepted Answer

A)  Motives 
B)  Emotions 
C)  Cognitions 
D)  Dispositions 
A)  Motives 
B)  Emotions 
C)  Cognitions 
D)  Dispositions

Question 3

The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge or awareness of their own biases is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  my-side bias. 
B)  confirmation bias 
C)  self-serving bias. 
D)  the bias blind spot. 
A)  my-side bias. 
B)  confirmation bias 
C)  self-serving bias. 
D)  the bias blind spot.

Question 4

In the legal arena, the fact that people often view emotion as involuntary and reason as voluntary and deliberate is MOST related to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the legal argument that "his brain made him do it." 
B)  the difference in the legal penalty for murder as a crime of passion versus a premeditated murder. 
C)  the insanity defense as it is used in legal proceedings in many states. 
D)  the way courts treat women versus men in legal proceedings, because women are assumed to be more emotional and less rational. 
A)  the legal argument that "his brain made him do it." 
B)  the difference in the legal penalty for murder as a crime of passion versus a premeditated murder. 
C)  the insanity defense as it is used in legal proceedings in many states. 
D)  the way courts treat women versus men in legal proceedings, because women are assumed to be more emotional and less rational.

Question 5

Eliza said that the reason she was unable to get a job during the recession was because employers were not hiring in her field, but as soon as they began to hire again she got a job because she is a hard worker. According to Eliza, many other unemployed people did not get jobs because they are simply lazy. What is the thinking error she seems to be making?

Accepted Answer

A)  Confirmation bias 
B)  Bias blind spot 
C)  Motivated reasoning 
D)  Fundamental attribution error 
A)  Confirmation bias 
B)  Bias blind spot 
C)  Motivated reasoning 
D)  Fundamental attribution error

Question 6

The text discusses a UFO cult and its leader, Dorothy Martin, who awaited rescue by aliens from a coming flood on Earth. When an alien UFO did not arrive to rescue the cult, Martin responded to the failed prophesy by:

Accepted Answer

A)  doubting that the aliens were contacting her, and changed her belief. 
B)  continuing to believe that the aliens were contacting her. 
C)  telling her followers that she had misunderstood the prophecy. 
D)  explaining that the followers had not been worthy of the aliens. 
A)  doubting that the aliens were contacting her, and changed her belief. 
B)  continuing to believe that the aliens were contacting her. 
C)  telling her followers that she had misunderstood the prophecy. 
D)  explaining that the followers had not been worthy of the aliens.

Question 7

Which statement is true about depression according to the research reviewed in the critical reading exercise on whether emotion makes people less rational?

Accepted Answer

A)  Depression impairs a person's ability to think rationally and has been identified as leading to increases in negative emotions, such as anger and anxiety. 
B)  Depression can impair the ability to think rationally, but depressed participants have been shown to perform significantly faster on a deductive reasoning task. 
C)  Depression almost always impairs reasoning, while happiness improves reasoning. 
D)  Depression is the best example of how an emotion impairs reasoning because among the various negative emotions, it is the one that shows the most negative effects. 
A)  Depression impairs a person's ability to think rationally and has been identified as leading to increases in negative emotions, such as anger and anxiety. 
B)  Depression can impair the ability to think rationally, but depressed participants have been shown to perform significantly faster on a deductive reasoning task. 
C)  Depression almost always impairs reasoning, while happiness improves reasoning. 
D)  Depression is the best example of how an emotion impairs reasoning because among the various negative emotions, it is the one that shows the most negative effects.

Question 8

Which statement is the BEST conclusion to draw from the literature review on the question of whether emotion makes people be irrational?

Accepted Answer

A)  Generally, emotions make a person think and behave irrationally, regardless of the task and situation. 
B)  Only negative emotions make a person think and behave irrationally. 
C)  Researchers have not been able to conduct studies that show emotions make a person think and behave irrationally. 
D)  Both positive and negative emotions may impair or improve a person's reasoning and decision making, depending on the situation and task. 
A)  Generally, emotions make a person think and behave irrationally, regardless of the task and situation. 
B)  Only negative emotions make a person think and behave irrationally. 
C)  Researchers have not been able to conduct studies that show emotions make a person think and behave irrationally. 
D)  Both positive and negative emotions may impair or improve a person's reasoning and decision making, depending on the situation and task.

Question 9

Aliyah's critical thinking instructor was talking about the importance of being fair-minded in considering the sides of an argument. Aliyah said to herself, "I think I am more fair-minded than most of the students I have met." If Aliyah's self-evaluation reveals that she is showing a thinking error, it is MOST likely:

Accepted Answer

A)  the better-than-average effect. 
B)  the fundamental attribution error. 
C)  belief bias. 
D)  confirmation bias. 
A)  the better-than-average effect. 
B)  the fundamental attribution error. 
C)  belief bias. 
D)  confirmation bias.

Question 10

The president said, "Our enemy is threatening us with utter destruction. Now they appear to be acquiring nuclear weapons. We have been unable to negotiate with them. It is imperative that we take military action against our enemy before they finish development of their weapons of mass destruction and use them against us, killing millions of people." By saying this, the president is:

Accepted Answer

A)  using the argumentation strategy called "appealing to emotion." 
B)  trying to modify people's strong negative emotions to get them to act. 
C)  asking people to reappraise an emotion to see a real danger. 
D)  making an argument from possibility using negative emotion. 
A)  using the argumentation strategy called "appealing to emotion." 
B)  trying to modify people's strong negative emotions to get them to act. 
C)  asking people to reappraise an emotion to see a real danger. 
D)  making an argument from possibility using negative emotion.

Question 11

The unwillingness for Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. Congress to examine the other side's proposals and instead stick to their own party's talking points is BEST described as the operation of:

Accepted Answer

A)  belief bias. 
B)  the bias blind spot. 
C)  motivated reasoning. 
D)  confirmation bias. 
A)  belief bias. 
B)  the bias blind spot. 
C)  motivated reasoning. 
D)  confirmation bias.

Question 12

Explain how motivated reasoning is related to the biases and thinking errors that people show. Provide examples of different thinking errors, and describe how they are related to motivated reasoning.

Accepted Answer

To answer the question of how motivated

Question 13

Dorothy Martin, the leader of a UFO cult, made a prophecy about a destructive flood on Earth. After the prophecy failed to materialize, the members of the UFO cult began to seek new members as a way to:

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce the group's cognitive dissonance, because its ideas must be true if other people believed them. 
B)  prevent the members from splintering into smaller groups, which would effectively end the group's beliefs. 
C)  introduce new ideas into the group that would be more acceptable to the members than were the original ideas. 
D)  reduce infighting and group tensions surrounding the failed prophecies. 
A)  reduce the group's cognitive dissonance, because its ideas must be true if other people believed them. 
B)  prevent the members from splintering into smaller groups, which would effectively end the group's beliefs. 
C)  introduce new ideas into the group that would be more acceptable to the members than were the original ideas. 
D)  reduce infighting and group tensions surrounding the failed prophecies.

Question 14

The president said, "Our enemy is threatening us with utter destruction. Now, they have appear to be acquiring nuclear weapons. We have been unable to negotiate with them. It is imperative that we take military action against our enemy before they finish development of their weapons of mass destruction and use them against us, killing millions of people." What is the BEST strategy for countering the president's appeal to emotion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Consider the other side's position before responding. 
B)  Try to separate the claim or question under discussion from the emotional appeal. 
C)  Slow down the response to the anger-provoking situation, such as counting to 10 before responding. 
D)  Use relaxation training to reduce negative emotional responses. 
A)  Consider the other side's position before responding. 
B)  Try to separate the claim or question under discussion from the emotional appeal. 
C)  Slow down the response to the anger-provoking situation, such as counting to 10 before responding. 
D)  Use relaxation training to reduce negative emotional responses.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about the use of polygraphs (lie detectors)?

Accepted Answer

A)  The polygraph is worth using because it does not often misidentify innocent people as liars. 
B)  It is a psychological misconception to conclude that the polygraph is a reliable technique for identifying people who are lying. 
C)  It is not possible to beat a polygraph test that is conducted by a qualified polygraph operator. 
D)  Results from polygraph tests are commonly used as evidence in courts of law. 
A)  The polygraph is worth using because it does not often misidentify innocent people as liars. 
B)  It is a psychological misconception to conclude that the polygraph is a reliable technique for identifying people who are lying. 
C)  It is not possible to beat a polygraph test that is conducted by a qualified polygraph operator. 
D)  Results from polygraph tests are commonly used as evidence in courts of law.

Question 16

The critical reading section in this chapter discusses the researchers Isabelle Blanchette (2014) and Roy Baumeister and his colleagues (2007), who conducted literature reviews on whether emotion makes people irrational. These researchers concluded that:

Accepted Answer

A)  almost always, emotions make a person think and behave irrationally. 
B)  only negative emotions make a person think and behave irrationally. 
C)  emotions sometimes hinder and sometimes help people's reasoning and decision making. 
D)  often positive emotions make a person think and behave irrationally, and they never facilitate thinking. 
A)  almost always, emotions make a person think and behave irrationally. 
B)  only negative emotions make a person think and behave irrationally. 
C)  emotions sometimes hinder and sometimes help people's reasoning and decision making. 
D)  often positive emotions make a person think and behave irrationally, and they never facilitate thinking.

Question 17

Regina saw an advertisement for a charity showing a starving child who was crying. The ad said, "For pennies a day, you can help save a starving child." After making an online donation, Regina became upset when she learned that the charity had higher overhead than other similar charities and so less of her contribution went to help children than to pay for the charity's administration. The BEST strategy Regina could have used to avoid her bad decision would have been to:

Accepted Answer

A)  consider other emotions she might experience in response to the ad. 
B)  try to separate the option under discussion from the emotional appeal. 
C)  slow down her response to the threatening situation, such as counting to 10 before responding. 
D)  use relaxation training to reduce her negative emotional response to the ad. 
A)  consider other emotions she might experience in response to the ad. 
B)  try to separate the option under discussion from the emotional appeal. 
C)  slow down her response to the threatening situation, such as counting to 10 before responding. 
D)  use relaxation training to reduce her negative emotional response to the ad.

Question 18

The critical reading section in this chapter discusses the researchers Isabelle Blanchette (2014) and Roy Baumeister and his colleagues (2007), who conducted literature reviews on whether emotion makes people irrational. The researchers' reviews present _____ as evidence that provides _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  summaries of case studies of people who were negatively impacted by emotion; fairly weak support 
B)  statements of authority; weak support because of biased studies that supported only one side 
C)  statements of authority; weak support based on many low-quality studies 
D)  statements of scientific authority; strong support based on many high-quality research studies. 
A)  summaries of case studies of people who were negatively impacted by emotion; fairly weak support 
B)  statements of authority; weak support because of biased studies that supported only one side 
C)  statements of authority; weak support based on many low-quality studies 
D)  statements of scientific authority; strong support based on many high-quality research studies.

Question 19

Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. Congress have shown a great reluctance to examine the other side's proposals and instead prefer to stick to their own party's talking points. The BEST remedy for dealing with this thinking error is for members of Congress to:

Accepted Answer

A)  try to make their own arguments more logical and compelling. 
B)  look for their bias blind spots and acknowledge them. 
C)  consider the other side's views and try to understand them. 
D)  explain their own views in a more sympathetic way. 
A)  try to make their own arguments more logical and compelling. 
B)  look for their bias blind spots and acknowledge them. 
C)  consider the other side's views and try to understand them. 
D)  explain their own views in a more sympathetic way.

Question 20

One sense of the word rational is that a person is following the rules and norms for good reasoning, such as reasoning logically. Another sense of the word discussed in the critical reading discussion concerns:

Accepted Answer

A)  whether thinking helps create or maintain bias. 
B)  whether thinking helps maintain a person's beliefs. 
C)  how well thinking helps a person reach his or her goals. 
D)  how well thinking helps a person avoid thinking errors. 
A)  whether thinking helps create or maintain bias. 
B)  whether thinking helps maintain a person's beliefs. 
C)  how well thinking helps a person reach his or her goals. 
D)  how well thinking helps a person avoid thinking errors.

The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge of their own biases is MOST related to a deficiency in which aspect of critical thinking?

_____ are often marked by expressive behaviors, subjective experience, motivated dispositions to behave a certain way, and physiological changes.

The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge or awareness of their own biases is called:

In the legal arena, the fact that people often view emotion as involuntary and reason as voluntary and deliberate is MOST related to:

The text discusses a UFO cult and its leader, Dorothy Martin, who awaited rescue by aliens from a coming flood on Earth. When an alien UFO did not arrive to rescue the cult, Martin responded to the failed prophesy by:

Which statement is true about depression according to the research reviewed in the critical reading exercise on whether emotion makes people less rational?

Which statement is the BEST conclusion to draw from the literature review on the question of whether emotion makes people be irrational?

The unwillingness for Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. Congress to examine the other side's proposals and instead stick to their own party's talking points is BEST described as the operation of:

Explain how motivated reasoning is related to the biases and thinking errors that people show. Provide examples of different thinking errors, and describe how they are related to motivated reasoning.

Dorothy Martin, the leader of a UFO cult, made a prophecy about a destructive flood on Earth. After the prophecy failed to materialize, the members of the UFO cult began to seek new members as a way to:

Which of the following is true about the use of polygraphs (lie detectors)?

The critical reading section in this chapter discusses the researchers Isabelle Blanchette (2014) and Roy Baumeister and his colleagues (2007), who conducted literature reviews on whether emotion makes people irrational. These researchers concluded that:

The critical reading section in this chapter discusses the researchers Isabelle Blanchette (2014) and Roy Baumeister and his colleagues (2007), who conducted literature reviews on whether emotion makes people irrational. The researchers' reviews present _ as evidence that provides _.

Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. Congress have shown a great reluctance to examine the other side's proposals and instead prefer to stick to their own party's talking points. The BEST remedy for dealing with this thinking error is for members of Congress to:

One sense of the word rational is that a person is following the rules and norms for good reasoning, such as reasoning logically. Another sense of the word discussed in the critical reading discussion concerns:

Introduction to Critical Thinking in Psychology and Everyday Life

Deductive Reasoning, Prediction, and Making Assumptions

Inductive Reasoning in Psychology and Everyday Life

Critical Thinking and Scientific Reasoning

Pseudoscience, Science, and Evidence-Based Practice

Errors in Attention, Perception, and Memory That Affect Thinking

Can the Mind Leave the Body the Mindbrain Problem

Critical Thinking and the Internet

Critically Analyzing a Psychological Question: Are People Basically Selfish

Judgment, Decision Making, and Types of Thinking

Superstition, Magic, Science, and Critical Thinking

Critical Thinking in Clinical Reasoning and Diagnosis

Language, Writing, and Critical Thinking

Filters

Exam 9: Emotion, Motivated Reasoning, and Critical Thinking

The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge of their own biases is MOST related to a deficiency in which aspect of critical thinking?

_____ are often marked by expressive behaviors, subjective experience, motivated dispositions to behave a certain way, and physiological changes.

The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge or awareness of their own biases is called:

In the legal arena, the fact that people often view emotion as involuntary and reason as voluntary and deliberate is MOST related to:

The text discusses a UFO cult and its leader, Dorothy Martin, who awaited rescue by aliens from a coming flood on Earth. When an alien UFO did not arrive to rescue the cult, Martin responded to the failed prophesy by:

Which statement is true about depression according to the research reviewed in the critical reading exercise on whether emotion makes people less rational?

Which statement is the BEST conclusion to draw from the literature review on the question of whether emotion makes people be irrational?

The unwillingness for Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. Congress to examine the other side's proposals and instead stick to their own party's talking points is BEST described as the operation of:

Explain how motivated reasoning is related to the biases and thinking errors that people show. Provide examples of different thinking errors, and describe how they are related to motivated reasoning.

Dorothy Martin, the leader of a UFO cult, made a prophecy about a destructive flood on Earth. After the prophecy failed to materialize, the members of the UFO cult began to seek new members as a way to:

Which of the following is true about the use of polygraphs (lie detectors)?

The critical reading section in this chapter discusses the researchers Isabelle Blanchette (2014) and Roy Baumeister and his colleagues (2007), who conducted literature reviews on whether emotion makes people irrational. These researchers concluded that:

The critical reading section in this chapter discusses the researchers Isabelle Blanchette (2014) and Roy Baumeister and his colleagues (2007), who conducted literature reviews on whether emotion makes people irrational. The researchers' reviews present _____ as evidence that provides _____.

Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. Congress have shown a great reluctance to examine the other side's proposals and instead prefer to stick to their own party's talking points. The BEST remedy for dealing with this thinking error is for members of Congress to:

One sense of the word rational is that a person is following the rules and norms for good reasoning, such as reasoning logically. Another sense of the word discussed in the critical reading discussion concerns:

Introduction to Critical Thinking in Psychology and Everyday Life

Deductive Reasoning, Prediction, and Making Assumptions

Inductive Reasoning in Psychology and Everyday Life

Critical Thinking and Scientific Reasoning

Pseudoscience, Science, and Evidence-Based Practice

Errors in Attention, Perception, and Memory That Affect Thinking

Can the Mind Leave the Body the Mindbrain Problem

Critical Thinking and the Internet

Critically Analyzing a Psychological Question: Are People Basically Selfish

Judgment, Decision Making, and Types of Thinking

Superstition, Magic, Science, and Critical Thinking

Critical Thinking in Clinical Reasoning and Diagnosis

Language, Writing, and Critical Thinking

Filters

The critical reading section in this chapter discusses the researchers Isabelle Blanchette (2014) and Roy Baumeister and his colleagues (2007), who conducted literature reviews on whether emotion makes people irrational. The researchers' reviews present _ as evidence that provides _.