Exam 5: Pseudoscience, Science, and Evidence-Based Practice

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In many ways, pseudoscience mirrors science in a negative way, as if it were the "evil twin" of science. Science involves use of careful procedures to obtain high-quality data, whereas pseudoscience only appears to be scientific and to follow the scientific method, as when its practitioners use scientific-looking equipment that is actually worthless. Whereas scientists seek to make specific testable and falsifiable predictions, the predictions of pseudoscience are often general, untestable, and unfalsifiable. While scientists systematically check the outcomes (both positive and negative) of predictions, pseudoscientists pay more attention to evidence that supports their predictions, showing a confirmatory bias. Whereas scientists seek to reason well, making sure their theories and hypotheses are ultimately consistent with the data, pseudoscientists show little concern for or ignore nonsupportive data; as a result, their theories show little change. Pseudoscientists also tend to make thinking errors, such as arguing from ignorance and explaining away failed predictions. Furthermore, pseudoscientists do not use the methods, procedures, and language of science. Pseudoscience lacks connection with true science, as when its practitioners make claims that science has shown to be implausible. Finally, pseudoscientists tend to use low-quality evidence to support their claims. Whereas scientists use true experiments, pseudoscientists rely on nonscientific evidence (e.g., statements of authority, anecdotes, and testimonials) and on case studies if they use scientific methods.