Exam 6: Errors in Attention, Perception, and Memory That Affect Thinking

Olga assessed that she did not understand a passage she had just read in her textbook, and then reread the passage. Olga employed the active reading strategy of:

What is the BEST generalization that can be made about the accuracy of memory based on the evidence reviewed in Chapter 6?

Weapon focus produces errors in eyewitness memory because:

The idea MOST consistent with a schema-based explanation of own-race bias points to:

In their literature review of research studies on eyewitness identification, Valentine, Pickering, and Darling (2003) found that 40% of 640 actual witnesses were able to accurately identify the culprit. Which statement MOST accurately evaluates this evidence?

Skurnik and his colleagues (2005) found that _____ explains why participants in a study remembered false claims as true only three days after being presented with the claims. (Note: This finding is especially important to critical thinking and helping people to eliminate misconceptions.)

Psychologically speaking, a sensed presence MOST likely results from a:

Research has shown that cross-culturally people are good at recognizing facial expressions for basic emotions (Ekman, 1994). Which of the following statements does NOT support this finding as evidence that eyewitness identification is accurate?

Imagine that you are on a jury that is deliberating a rape case. The defendant is an African American man accused of raping a White woman and holding a gun to her head during part of the assault. The victim identified the defendant from a lineup after a few minutes of viewing the lineup of men, all of whom had criminal records. After the victim identified the defendant, one police officer said, "Good, we thought it was him." The victim then testified that she was sure it was defendant who raped her. Most of the jurors want to vote to convict, but you have reasonable doubt that the defendant was the actual perpetrator. What could you say to the other jurors to convince them that there is reasonable doubt of the man's guilt? Use what you have learned about eyewitness memory to make a well-reasoned argument.

Which finding from memory research discussed in the text illustrates a memory problem in recognizing misconceptions?

After critically reading the review of the evidence concerning the accuracy of eyewitness testimony and identification, a reader concluded that people are bad at remembering most kinds of everyday information. This reader is showing the thinking error known as:

Suppose someone came rushing in and unexpectedly said in an excited voice, "I just saw someone rob the bank up the street!" A bystander infers that it was a man who was wearing a mask. This inference is MOST likely guided by the bystander's:

In an experiment, Loftus and Palmer (1974) showed participants a video of a car accident. The effect on recall when participants were asked leading questions about the accident was that participants:

In a class demonstration, Professor Rendon asks chocolate-loving students to rate two boxes containing the same chocolates. She explains that one box contains expensive chocolates, while the other box contains inexpensive chocolates. Based on the research reviewed in this chapter, the students MOST likely will rate:

Thorne and Himelstein (1984) tested whether groups of students would report hearing satanic words in rock songs played backward when instructed under three different conditions. The group instructed to listen for satanic words heard the most satanic words due to the researchers' finding that:

Jennifer Thompson MOST likely exhibited the problem of _____ when she identified Cotton as her assailant during Cotton's trial.

All of these critical reading questions would guide Yasmin through a successful analysis and toward a reasonable conclusion EXCEPT:

Tasks that put a great load on working memory are associated with

Bruce and colleagues (1999) used CCTV videos and asked participants to match a still-frame of a person in the video with high-quality photos, when the participants could do so. Participants were able to match the CCTV still-frame images with the photos 65% of the time. The MOST appropriate interpretation of this finding is that it:

The misinformation effect is MOST consistent with the idea that memory: