Question 1

When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment,they are digging "back in time." This fact is based on the principle of

Accepted Answer

A) uniformitarianism. 
B) superposition. 
C) catastrophism. 
A) uniformitarianism. 
B) superposition. 
C) catastrophism.

Question 2

Consider a beach environment with large,powerful waves breaking along the shore.Given the nature of this environment,which of the following sediments would be least likely to be deposited there?

Accepted Answer

A) gravel and sand 
B) sand 
C) silt and clay 
D) cobbles 
A) gravel and sand 
B) sand 
C) silt and clay 
D) cobbles

Question 3

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of divisions in the geologic time scale,from largest to smallest?

Accepted Answer

A) era,eon,epoch,period 
B) eon,era,period,epoch 
C) epoch,era,eon,period 
D) period,eon,era,epoch 
E) epoch,eon,era,period 
A) era,eon,epoch,period 
B) eon,era,period,epoch 
C) epoch,era,eon,period 
D) period,eon,era,epoch 
E) epoch,eon,era,period

Question 4

The principle of isostasy refers to the vertical movement of Earth's crust in response to loading and unloading of weight,such as ice or sediment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from

Accepted Answer

A) direct sampling of the interior using deep-test wells. 
B) work in Earth's deepest caverns and caves. 
C) indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves. 
D) historic and prehistoric records. 
E) mining records. 
A) direct sampling of the interior using deep-test wells. 
B) work in Earth's deepest caverns and caves. 
C) indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves. 
D) historic and prehistoric records. 
E) mining records.

Question 6

What percent of Earth's crust is composed of only eight natural elements?

Accepted Answer

A) 25 
B) 43 
C) 50 
D) 75 
E) 99 
A) 25 
B) 43 
C) 50 
D) 75 
E) 99

Question 7

Write an essay in which you discuss the various sedimentary processes and the types of rocks they produce.

Accepted Answer

Sedimentary processes are the various na

Question 8

Discuss the formation and results of hot spots,using the Hawaiian-Emperor islands chain as an example.

Accepted Answer

Hot spots are areas of the Earth's mantl

Question 9

The ocean floor is a maximum of about 200 million years in age because

Accepted Answer

A) Earth is only 200 million years old. 
B) the ocean floor is pushed up onto continental material during plate collisions. 
C) the ocean floor subducts during plate collisions. 
D) hot spots continuously destroy the ocean floor. 
E) continents erode the ocean floor when they roll over them,and new floor has to continually be created. 
A) Earth is only 200 million years old. 
B) the ocean floor is pushed up onto continental material during plate collisions. 
C) the ocean floor subducts during plate collisions. 
D) hot spots continuously destroy the ocean floor. 
E) continents erode the ocean floor when they roll over them,and new floor has to continually be created.

Question 10

Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the

Accepted Answer

A) tectonic cycle. 
B) rock cycle. 
C) hydrologic cycle. 
D) mineral cycle. 
E) biogeochemical cycle. 
A) tectonic cycle. 
B) rock cycle. 
C) hydrologic cycle. 
D) mineral cycle. 
E) biogeochemical cycle.

Question 11

The average length of a period during which a given magnetic field polarity exists is about

Accepted Answer

A) 1 000 years. 
B) 500 000 years. 
C) 400 million years. 
D) 1 billion years. 
E) 4)6 billion years. 
A) 1 000 years. 
B) 500 000 years. 
C) 400 million years. 
D) 1 billion years. 
E) 4)6 billion years.

Question 12

Earth's interior is

Accepted Answer

A) equally dense throughout. 
B) not subject to internal differentiation. 
C) heated unevenly by the heat of radioactive decay. 
D) arranged with lighter elements toward the center and heavier elements toward the crust. 
E) filled with flowing water. 
A) equally dense throughout. 
B) not subject to internal differentiation. 
C) heated unevenly by the heat of radioactive decay. 
D) arranged with lighter elements toward the center and heavier elements toward the crust. 
E) filled with flowing water.

Question 13

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

A) endogenic - external processes 
B) exogenic - internal processes 
C) radioactive decay heat - exogenic energy source 
D) weathering - exogenic breaking and dissolving the crust 
E) hydrologic cycle - endogenic 
A) endogenic - external processes 
B) exogenic - internal processes 
C) radioactive decay heat - exogenic energy source 
D) weathering - exogenic breaking and dissolving the crust 
E) hydrologic cycle - endogenic

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding continental drift?

Accepted Answer

A) it occurred about two billion years ago,but no longer occurs today. 
B) the term "continental drift" is now called plate tectonics. 
C) it does not occur because the crust is brittle. 
D) it is an old theory that has been essentially disproven. 
E) it is based on an understanding of the development of the peneplain. 
A) it occurred about two billion years ago,but no longer occurs today. 
B) the term "continental drift" is now called plate tectonics. 
C) it does not occur because the crust is brittle. 
D) it is an old theory that has been essentially disproven. 
E) it is based on an understanding of the development of the peneplain.

Question 15

How have we gained knowledge of Earth's internal structure?

Accepted Answer

A) analysis of seismic waves passing through Earth's layers 
B) direct observation of Earth's inner layers 
C) studying rock samples after underground nuclear tests 
D) core samples 
E) x-rays 
A) analysis of seismic waves passing through Earth's layers 
B) direct observation of Earth's inner layers 
C) studying rock samples after underground nuclear tests 
D) core samples 
E) x-rays

Question 16

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

Accepted Answer

A) rock,water,and tectonics. 
B) magnesium,potassium,and oxygen. 
C) iron,aluminum,and granite. 
D) oxygen,silicon,and aluminum. 
E) iron,oxygen,and sodium 
A) rock,water,and tectonics. 
B) magnesium,potassium,and oxygen. 
C) iron,aluminum,and granite. 
D) oxygen,silicon,and aluminum. 
E) iron,oxygen,and sodium

Question 17

An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a

Accepted Answer

A) granitic compound. 
B) mineral. 
C) molecule. 
D) rock. 
E) ultramafic element. 
A) granitic compound. 
B) mineral. 
C) molecule. 
D) rock. 
E) ultramafic element.

Question 18

A rock made of clay particles is most likely to have formed in which of the following environments?

Accepted Answer

A) beach 
B) river 
C) swamp 
A) beach 
B) river 
C) swamp

Question 19

Limestone is a type of ________ rock that forms when ________.

Accepted Answer

A) igneous magma cools 
B) igneous lava cools 
C) sedimentary calcium carbonate precipitates,or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment 
D) sedimentary broken fragments of rock are deposited in a water environment and are then cemented together. 
E) metamorphic rock it is heated and compressed. 
A) igneous magma cools 
B) igneous lava cools 
C) sedimentary calcium carbonate precipitates,or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment 
D) sedimentary broken fragments of rock are deposited in a water environment and are then cemented together. 
E) metamorphic rock it is heated and compressed.

Question 20

An element or combination of elements that forms an inorganic,natural compound is called a

Accepted Answer

A) tectonic rock. 
B) granitic compound. 
C) mineral. 
D) molecule. 
E) base ingredient. 
A) tectonic rock. 
B) granitic compound. 
C) mineral. 
D) molecule. 
E) base ingredient.

Exam 11: The Dynamic Planet

When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment,they are digging "back in time." This fact is based on the principle of

Consider a beach environment with large,powerful waves breaking along the shore.Given the nature of this environment,which of the following sediments would be least likely to be deposited there?

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of divisions in the geologic time scale,from largest to smallest?

The principle of isostasy refers to the vertical movement of Earth's crust in response to loading and unloading of weight,such as ice or sediment.

Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from

What percent of Earth's crust is composed of only eight natural elements?

Write an essay in which you discuss the various sedimentary processes and the types of rocks they produce.

Discuss the formation and results of hot spots,using the Hawaiian-Emperor islands chain as an example.

The ocean floor is a maximum of about 200 million years in age because

Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the

The average length of a period during which a given magnetic field polarity exists is about

Earth's interior is

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Which of the following is true regarding continental drift?

How have we gained knowledge of Earth's internal structure?

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a

A rock made of clay particles is most likely to have formed in which of the following environments?

Limestone is a type of ________ rock that forms when ________.

An element or combination of elements that forms an inorganic,natural compound is called a

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Limestone is a type of rock that forms when .