Question 1

Across television programs and advertisements, how do portrayals of male and female characters tend to differ from one another?

Accepted Answer

Male characters are portrayed in more active and leadership roles, and female characters are more likely to be portrayed in a sexualized manner.

Question 2

In which of the following ways do children raised by same-sex parents differ from children with parents of both sexes?

Accepted Answer

A)  They tend to have reduced psychological adjustment or well-being. 
B)  They are more artistic and score higher on openness to experience. 
C)  They are more likely to be transgender. 
D)  They endorse fewer gender stereotypes. 
A)  They tend to have reduced psychological adjustment or well-being. 
B)  They are more artistic and score higher on openness to experience. 
C)  They are more likely to be transgender. 
D)  They endorse fewer gender stereotypes. D

Question 3

What is the relationship between sex differences in gendered self-views and the gender equality of a given culture? Provide a concrete example of what is meant by this relationship. How do Guimond and colleagues (2007) propose we interpret this relationship?

Accepted Answer

Sex differences in young adults' gendered self-views are larger in cultures that have more gender equality. For example, although women score higher than men on warmth, and men score higher than women on assertiveness, these sex differences are larger in European and North American cultures than they are in African and Asian cultures. Serge Guimond and his colleagues propose that people learn about their standing on traits by comparing themselves to different groups of people. In cultures characterized by greater gender equality, women and men are more likely to compare themselves to peers of all sexes. Conversely, in cultures that are lower in gender equality, people tend to live more sex-segregated lives and cross-sex social comparisons are relatively rare. For example, since women are less aggressive than men, on average, a woman who determines her own aggressiveness by comparing to women and men may conclude that she is low on aggression. In more traditional cultures, a woman who compares herself only to other women may end up concluding that she is average on aggression

Question 4

Adolescents who identify as lesbian or gay at age 15 are much more likely than their heterosexual peers to display cross-gender play preferences between the ages of 2 and 5.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Overall, perceivers tend to rate agentic female leaders less favorably than they rate agentic male leaders, but this difference goes away if perceivers learn that the female leader has children.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Cognitive theories of gender development emphasize the influence of behavioral models and reinforcement from peers and authority figures.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

McHale and colleagues (2005) study of Mexican American families found what regarding parental double standards in affording freedoms to sons and daughters?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parents gave sons more privileges and freedoms but also more chores. 
B)  Parents afforded sons more freedom regardless of their views on gender roles. 
C)  Traditional parents allowed adolescent daughters fewer privileges. 
D)  The double standard disappeared after researchers controlled for socioeconomic status. 
A)  Parents gave sons more privileges and freedoms but also more chores. 
B)  Parents afforded sons more freedom regardless of their views on gender roles. 
C)  Traditional parents allowed adolescent daughters fewer privileges. 
D)  The double standard disappeared after researchers controlled for socioeconomic status.

Question 8

Childhood friends are typically the first source of socialization teaching gender norms to children.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

According to cognitive developmental theory, what is the causal relationship between gender identity and gender typical behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rewards for gender typical behavior cause children to develop gender identity. 
B)  The emergence of gender identity causes children to perform gender typical behavior. 
C)  The relationship between gender identity and gender typical behavior is explained by a third variable--the presence or absence of androgens. 
D)  Gender identity only indirectly produces gender typical behavior by creating expectations in parents. 
A)  Rewards for gender typical behavior cause children to develop gender identity. 
B)  The emergence of gender identity causes children to perform gender typical behavior. 
C)  The relationship between gender identity and gender typical behavior is explained by a third variable--the presence or absence of androgens. 
D)  Gender identity only indirectly produces gender typical behavior by creating expectations in parents.

Question 10

Olson and colleagues' (2015) study of transgender children between the ages of 5 and 12 discovered what about pre-pubertal transgender identity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Transgender girls reported more masculine toy preferences than cisgender girls. 
B)  Transgender and cisgender children look identical on measures for play preferences. 
C)  Transgender boys explicitly report masculine play preferences but implicitly prefer feminine play activities. 
D)  Transgender identities are more authentic in transgender girls than in transgender boys. 
A)  Transgender girls reported more masculine toy preferences than cisgender girls. 
B)  Transgender and cisgender children look identical on measures for play preferences. 
C)  Transgender boys explicitly report masculine play preferences but implicitly prefer feminine play activities. 
D)  Transgender identities are more authentic in transgender girls than in transgender boys.

Question 11

Sex differences in toy preferences emerge consistently, early, and across culture. What are the two explanations for these differences described in the text? Describe evidence for each of these explanations and detail at least one specific study in your explanation.

Accepted Answer

Sex differences in toy preferences may r

Question 12

Which of the following outcomes would NOT be consistent with the precarious manhood hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Men are more likely than women to expect losing their job will affect their reputation. 
B)  Men engage in more public displays of risky behavior. 
C)  Men who experience job loss as emasculating experience increased anxiety. 
D)  When women feel they are seen as "less of a woman," they report greater depression. 
A)  Men are more likely than women to expect losing their job will affect their reputation. 
B)  Men engage in more public displays of risky behavior. 
C)  Men who experience job loss as emasculating experience increased anxiety. 
D)  When women feel they are seen as "less of a woman," they report greater depression.

Question 13

According to cognitive developmental theory, what is the sequence in which children's understanding of gender develops?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gender Identity $\rightarrow$  Gender Stability $\rightarrow$ Gender Constancy 
B)  Gender Identity $\rightarrow$  Gender Constancy $\rightarrow$  Gender Stability 
C)  Gender Constancy $\rightarrow$  Gender Stability $\rightarrow$  Gender Identity 
D)  Gender Stability $\rightarrow$  Gender Constancy $\rightarrow$  Gender Identity 
A)  Gender Identity $\rightarrow$  Gender Stability $\rightarrow$ Gender Constancy 
B)  Gender Identity $\rightarrow$  Gender Constancy $\rightarrow$  Gender Stability 
C)  Gender Constancy $\rightarrow$  Gender Stability $\rightarrow$  Gender Identity 
D)  Gender Stability $\rightarrow$  Gender Constancy $\rightarrow$  Gender Identity

Question 14

Little Jonny's parents always smile at him when they see him rough housing with his friends. Which element of social learning theory is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  imitation 
D)  observation 
A)  reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  imitation 
D)  observation

Question 15

Researchers manipulating the salience of sex as a grouping dimension in children's classrooms have found that increasing the salience of sex leads to all the following EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased playtime with other sex peers 
B)  increased in-group bias 
C)  decreased enjoyment of recreational activity 
D)  increased gender stereotyping 
A)  decreased playtime with other sex peers 
B)  increased in-group bias 
C)  decreased enjoyment of recreational activity 
D)  increased gender stereotyping

Question 16

In what ways do young women and young men use social networking sites differently?

Accepted Answer

A)  Women are more likely to post photos of large groups of female friends whereas men are more likely to post photos of pairs of friends. 
B)  Men are more likely to use social networks to stay in touch with old and distant friends. 
C)  Women use more exaggerated emotional tones when communicating online. 
D)  Men are more likely to discuss society and abstract problems. 
A)  Women are more likely to post photos of large groups of female friends whereas men are more likely to post photos of pairs of friends. 
B)  Men are more likely to use social networks to stay in touch with old and distant friends. 
C)  Women use more exaggerated emotional tones when communicating online. 
D)  Men are more likely to discuss society and abstract problems.

Question 17

Compared to the West, collectivist cultures are more likely to interpret strict parenting as ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  condescending 
B)  warm and caring 
C)  effective in boys but not girls 
D)  harsh and cruel 
A)  condescending 
B)  warm and caring 
C)  effective in boys but not girls 
D)  harsh and cruel

Question 18

Degendering theory proposes that ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  gender is most central to the self in adulthood 
B)  as people grow older gender becomes a less central aspect of the self 
C)  people are less likely to identify with any gender as gender equality increases 
D)  sex differences become smaller as gender equality increases 
A)  gender is most central to the self in adulthood 
B)  as people grow older gender becomes a less central aspect of the self 
C)  people are less likely to identify with any gender as gender equality increases 
D)  sex differences become smaller as gender equality increases

Question 19

Based on research studying the influence of parents in gender socialization, which of the following findings would you NOT expect to find?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children raised by same-sex parents are less likely to endorse certain gender stereotypes. 
B)  Mothers estimate that their sons can crawl down steeper slopes than their daughters. 
C)  Parents assign girls more household chores than boys. 
D)  Parents are less flexible in allowing girls to pursue behavior associated with the other sex. 
A)  Children raised by same-sex parents are less likely to endorse certain gender stereotypes. 
B)  Mothers estimate that their sons can crawl down steeper slopes than their daughters. 
C)  Parents assign girls more household chores than boys. 
D)  Parents are less flexible in allowing girls to pursue behavior associated with the other sex.

Question 20

Conflicts between daughters and sons and their parents tend to be highest ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  in emerging adulthood 
B)  in early adolescence 
C)  immediately prior to the onset of puberty 
D)  when they move from their parent's house 
A)  in emerging adulthood 
B)  in early adolescence 
C)  immediately prior to the onset of puberty 
D)  when they move from their parent's house

Across television programs and advertisements, how do portrayals of male and female characters tend to differ from one another?

In which of the following ways do children raised by same-sex parents differ from children with parents of both sexes?

What is the relationship between sex differences in gendered self-views and the gender equality of a given culture? Provide a concrete example of what is meant by this relationship. How do Guimond and colleagues (2007) propose we interpret this relationship?

Adolescents who identify as lesbian or gay at age 15 are much more likely than their heterosexual peers to display cross-gender play preferences between the ages of 2 and 5.

Overall, perceivers tend to rate agentic female leaders less favorably than they rate agentic male leaders, but this difference goes away if perceivers learn that the female leader has children.

Cognitive theories of gender development emphasize the influence of behavioral models and reinforcement from peers and authority figures.

McHale and colleagues (2005) study of Mexican American families found what regarding parental double standards in affording freedoms to sons and daughters?

Childhood friends are typically the first source of socialization teaching gender norms to children.

According to cognitive developmental theory, what is the causal relationship between gender identity and gender typical behaviors?

Olson and colleagues' (2015) study of transgender children between the ages of 5 and 12 discovered what about pre-pubertal transgender identity?

Sex differences in toy preferences emerge consistently, early, and across culture. What are the two explanations for these differences described in the text? Describe evidence for each of these explanations and detail at least one specific study in your explanation.

Which of the following outcomes would NOT be consistent with the precarious manhood hypothesis?

According to cognitive developmental theory, what is the sequence in which children's understanding of gender develops?

Little Jonny's parents always smile at him when they see him rough housing with his friends. Which element of social learning theory is this an example of?

Researchers manipulating the salience of sex as a grouping dimension in children's classrooms have found that increasing the salience of sex leads to all the following EXCEPT ______.

In what ways do young women and young men use social networking sites differently?

Compared to the West, collectivist cultures are more likely to interpret strict parenting as ______.

Degendering theory proposes that ______.

Based on research studying the influence of parents in gender socialization, which of the following findings would you NOT expect to find?

Conflicts between daughters and sons and their parents tend to be highest ______.

Introducing Sex and Gender

Studying Sex and Gender

The Nature and Nurture of Sex and Gender

The Contents and Origins of Gender Stereotypes

Power, Sexism, and Discrimination

Cognitive Abilities and Aptitudes

Language, Communication, and Emotion

Sexual Orientation and Sexuality

Interpersonal Relationships

Work and Home

Gender and Physical Health

Gender and Psychological Health

Aggression and Violence

Filters

Exam 4: Gender Development

Across television programs and advertisements, how do portrayals of male and female characters tend to differ from one another?

In which of the following ways do children raised by same-sex parents differ from children with parents of both sexes?

What is the relationship between sex differences in gendered self-views and the gender equality of a given culture? Provide a concrete example of what is meant by this relationship. How do Guimond and colleagues (2007) propose we interpret this relationship?

Adolescents who identify as lesbian or gay at age 15 are much more likely than their heterosexual peers to display cross-gender play preferences between the ages of 2 and 5.

Overall, perceivers tend to rate agentic female leaders less favorably than they rate agentic male leaders, but this difference goes away if perceivers learn that the female leader has children.

Cognitive theories of gender development emphasize the influence of behavioral models and reinforcement from peers and authority figures.

McHale and colleagues (2005) study of Mexican American families found what regarding parental double standards in affording freedoms to sons and daughters?

Childhood friends are typically the first source of socialization teaching gender norms to children.

According to cognitive developmental theory, what is the causal relationship between gender identity and gender typical behaviors?

Olson and colleagues' (2015) study of transgender children between the ages of 5 and 12 discovered what about pre-pubertal transgender identity?

Sex differences in toy preferences emerge consistently, early, and across culture. What are the two explanations for these differences described in the text? Describe evidence for each of these explanations and detail at least one specific study in your explanation.

Which of the following outcomes would NOT be consistent with the precarious manhood hypothesis?

According to cognitive developmental theory, what is the sequence in which children's understanding of gender develops?

Little Jonny's parents always smile at him when they see him rough housing with his friends. Which element of social learning theory is this an example of?

Researchers manipulating the salience of sex as a grouping dimension in children's classrooms have found that increasing the salience of sex leads to all the following EXCEPT ______.

In what ways do young women and young men use social networking sites differently?

Compared to the West, collectivist cultures are more likely to interpret strict parenting as ______.

Degendering theory proposes that ______.

Based on research studying the influence of parents in gender socialization, which of the following findings would you NOT expect to find?

Conflicts between daughters and sons and their parents tend to be highest ______.

Introducing Sex and Gender

Studying Sex and Gender

The Nature and Nurture of Sex and Gender

The Contents and Origins of Gender Stereotypes

Power, Sexism, and Discrimination

Cognitive Abilities and Aptitudes

Language, Communication, and Emotion

Sexual Orientation and Sexuality

Interpersonal Relationships

Work and Home

Gender and Physical Health

Gender and Psychological Health

Aggression and Violence

Filters