Exam 7: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony

Most people believe that high stress _____ but empirical studies find that stress has _____ effect on memory.

According to research by Penrod & Cutler (1999), estimates of time during the course of a stressful event are _____ the actual length of the event.

Describe the post-identification feedback effect and give an example. What is the role of cognitive dissonance in this process?

When presented with a lineup, Morgan was able to identify the perpetrator of the robbery she had witnessed. She was not sure of her identification at first, but when the investigator mentioned that another witness also chose the same suspect, her confidence that she remembered the perpetrator well grew close to 100%. This is an illustration of:

According to psychologists who study memory, it is useful to distinguish between _____ component processes.

When doing research on eyewitness memory, social scientists often look at many factors. Factors that are outside the control of the legal system are referred to as:

The biggest problem regarding the use of the cognitive interview with eyewitnesses is the difficulties that police have with:

Tracy witnessed two men holding up a bank, both wearing camouflage pants. When questioned about the crime, she had a good recall for the pants and described these pants in detail to the police. When she was questioned about the crime a month later, she still remembered the pants but had a poor recall for other details. This phenomenon is known as:

Ashley stopped at the bank to deposit her paycheck, and then stopped at a nearby gas station to pick up a few grocery items. While she was at the gas station, a robber entered with his gun drawn and ordered everybody, including Ashley, to raise their hands and move to the back wall. After the robber gathered all the money from the cash register and collected the customers' wallets, he left. Later, at the police station, Ashley has mistakenly given a description of a bank teller's face when asked to describe the robber. This phenomenon is known as:

When assembling a lineup, it is very important to make sure that the suspect does not stand out from the _____ because a biased lineup can lead to the _____.

Studies have analyzed wrongful conviction cases that were later overturned because DNA testing proved the wrongfully convicted person innocent. Of the following major causes of wrongful convictions, which one is found to be the most prevalent?

Even though the Supreme Court _____ the Manson framework, several states continue to _____ criteria established in Manson.

When an eyewitness is a child, it is likely that the accuracy of information the child can provide is _____ that provided by an adult.

_____ is the term used to describe the biochemical representation of our experiences within the brain, which are known to deteriorate over time.

In the reconstruction of memory, it is not uncommon to find that distortions may take place at any stage. The following statement about this process is INCORRECT:

According to the text, the cross-race effect is present in babies as young as _____ old, and _____ from childhood to adulthood.

Which one of the following Manson criteria can be highly misleading, according to research findings?

Hypnosis was once considered a promising technique for refreshing witnesses' memories. However, it turned out to have some serious downsides. These downsides include the following, EXCEPT:

The process of having an eyewitness look at one person or photograph at a time is referred to as a _____ lineup.

Research on improving eyewitness identification procedures is especially important in light of considerable human costs to false identification. Which one of the following is NOT among these costs?