Exam 7: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony

The maintenance of information over time within the brain is referred to as:

Cross-racial identifications are generally _____ accurate _____ same-race identifications.

An eyewitness identifies John as the perpetrator of a crime that he did not commit. The eyewitness saw John's picture in a local advertisement and has mistakenly replaced the face of the actual perpetrator with John's face when recalling the crime. This demonstrates a phenomenon called:

Scripts help us to _____ but can also _____ eyewitness memories.

Eyewitness testimony is very important in court trials. In fact, it is often crucial because it is likely to be:

Peter was able to pick a guy who looked like his assailant out of a _____. When he was told that this was very helpful to the detectives working the case, Peter felt _____ certain that he remembered his attacker well.

Individuals often _____ the duration of a brief event, especially if it is a(n) _____ event.

Tonya is an eyewitness during a trial. She testifies that she is very confident about what she saw when the crime was in progress. Her high level of confidence:

Lapses of attention are most likely to affect which stage of the process of memory work?

The three components of the memory process are:

When describing memory, _____ is the first component required in the process necessary for retention.

The term _____ is part of memory processing. It means gathering information and putting it into a form that can be useful later on.

According to the text, psychological studies find that eyewitness testimony:

The following are some troubling issues with applying the Manson criteria when evaluating the accuracy of an eyewitness's identification. Which one of these statements is INCORRECT?

In 1998, the American Psychology-Law Society (APLS) made recommendations on how to reduce the number of incorrect identifications by changing some system variables. A 2014 report by the National Academies of Science added some more guidelines to the APLS's recommendations. The current best practices include all of the following procedures, EXCEPT:

The tendency of people to be better able to recognize faces of those within their own racial group than those outside their racial group is referred to as the _____ effect.

How does human memory operate? How is it different from a video recording? If people are sure they remember the situation well, does it mean their memories are more accurate than memories of those who are not as sure?

Oftentimes, the post-indentification boost in an eyewitness's confidence level about his or her testimony can be explained by cognitive dissonance, which is a(n):

Elizabeth Loftus (1984) examined 347 cases in which _____ eyewitness testimony. She found that the defendant was _____ in most cases.

The weapon focus effect means that the eyewitnesses' ability to remember the attacker is _____ if the attacker is holding a _____.