Question 1

What is the dual-use dilemma?

Accepted Answer

A) When a methodology is used differently by researchers, which makes standardization difficult 
B) That any technology or advancement can be used for both good and bad purposes 
C) Experimental results are often interpreted and used in opposing ways, making consensus difficult 
D) Different cultures have different opinions about how to use scientific information or technology 
A) When a methodology is used differently by researchers, which makes standardization difficult 
B) That any technology or advancement can be used for both good and bad purposes 
C) Experimental results are often interpreted and used in opposing ways, making consensus difficult 
D) Different cultures have different opinions about how to use scientific information or technology B

Question 2

Which of the following best captures the differences in the meaning of "evidence" for neuroscience research versus the courtroom?

Accepted Answer

A) Science produces definitive answers whereas courtroom evidence is murky 
B) Scientists tend think in terms of probability, whereas a jury must issue a categorical judgment (guilty or not guilty). 
C) Scientists consider all the variables involved in individual cases, whereas judges must draw general conclusions about human nature 
D) Scientists are more experienced than judges in thinking about "the burden of proof" 
A) Science produces definitive answers whereas courtroom evidence is murky 
B) Scientists tend think in terms of probability, whereas a jury must issue a categorical judgment (guilty or not guilty). 
C) Scientists consider all the variables involved in individual cases, whereas judges must draw general conclusions about human nature 
D) Scientists are more experienced than judges in thinking about "the burden of proof" B

Question 3

People who are high in justice sensitivity showed which of the following:

Accepted Answer

A) They show more activation in the amygdala 
B) They show more activation in the temporoparietal junction 
C) They show more activation in the middle temporal area 
D) They show more activation in the hippocampus 
A) They show more activation in the amygdala 
B) They show more activation in the temporoparietal junction 
C) They show more activation in the middle temporal area 
D) They show more activation in the hippocampus B

Question 4

Brain-machine interfaces are currently used for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Allowing people who have been paralyzed to move 
B) Improve technology user experiences 
C) Detecting people's preferences for certain products 
D) Allowing researchers to assess cognitive impairments for intervention purposes 
A) Allowing people who have been paralyzed to move 
B) Improve technology user experiences 
C) Detecting people's preferences for certain products 
D) Allowing researchers to assess cognitive impairments for intervention purposes

Question 5

Explanations for human behaviour are more persuasive when they contain neuroscience information even if that information is irrelevant.Research into this phenomenon supported which of the following:

Accepted Answer

A) Hard science explanations are just as persuasive as neuroscience explanations 
B) Undergraduates who completed a neuroscience course were not duped by irrelevant neuroscience information 
C) Graduate students and postdocs rated good explanations containing irrelevant neuroscience information as worse than bad explanations with irrelevant information 
D) Explanations were more persuasive when they contained an equation to explain behavior regardless of its relevance 
A) Hard science explanations are just as persuasive as neuroscience explanations 
B) Undergraduates who completed a neuroscience course were not duped by irrelevant neuroscience information 
C) Graduate students and postdocs rated good explanations containing irrelevant neuroscience information as worse than bad explanations with irrelevant information 
D) Explanations were more persuasive when they contained an equation to explain behavior regardless of its relevance

Question 6

What has research on the neuroscience of morality shown in New World capuchin monkeys?

Accepted Answer

A) Monkeys will refuse to participate in token exchanges if they see another monkey get a bigger reward than they are offered 
B) Monkeys who steal and hoard food eventually will climb to the top of the social hierarchy 
C) Monkeys only react to unfair acts if they are in large groups 
D) Monkeys will only retaliate against unfair acts if they are repeated over many instances 
A) Monkeys will refuse to participate in token exchanges if they see another monkey get a bigger reward than they are offered 
B) Monkeys who steal and hoard food eventually will climb to the top of the social hierarchy 
C) Monkeys only react to unfair acts if they are in large groups 
D) Monkeys will only retaliate against unfair acts if they are repeated over many instances

Question 7

What is cosmetic neurology?

Accepted Answer

A) The trend to create homogeneity in neural function through culture 
B) The trend to hold beliefs that make you more appealing to others 
C) The trend to value neural aesthetics related to achievement and intelligence 
D) The trend to boost cognitive performance through various neural interventions 
A) The trend to create homogeneity in neural function through culture 
B) The trend to hold beliefs that make you more appealing to others 
C) The trend to value neural aesthetics related to achievement and intelligence 
D) The trend to boost cognitive performance through various neural interventions

Question 8

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to improve cognitive performance by focusing controlling activity in which area?

Accepted Answer

A) Rostral anterior cingulate cortex 
B) Orbitofrontal cortex 
C) Left amygdala 
D) Dorsal hippocampus 
A) Rostral anterior cingulate cortex 
B) Orbitofrontal cortex 
C) Left amygdala 
D) Dorsal hippocampus

Question 9

Stress has been show to play a large role in the neurodevelopment effects of low SES in children.Which of the following brain areas has been show to be especially impacted by stress?

Accepted Answer

A) Inferior occipital gyrus 
B) Left temporal cortex 
C) Intraparietal sulcus 
D) Prefrontal cortex 
A) Inferior occipital gyrus 
B) Left temporal cortex 
C) Intraparietal sulcus 
D) Prefrontal cortex

Question 10

Which of the following results has been used to support the idea that adolescents should not be tried as adults for crimes?

Accepted Answer

A) Adolescent brains are not mature enough to make rapid moral evaluations 
B) Memory consolation is slower in adolescent brains resulting in reduced planning abilities 
C) Adolescents have underdeveloped prefrontal cortices and reduced executive control 
D) Adolescent brains have decreased pain integration abilities 
A) Adolescent brains are not mature enough to make rapid moral evaluations 
B) Memory consolation is slower in adolescent brains resulting in reduced planning abilities 
C) Adolescents have underdeveloped prefrontal cortices and reduced executive control 
D) Adolescent brains have decreased pain integration abilities

Question 11

Which neuroscience topics are people most interested in learning about?

Accepted Answer

A) Pharmaceutical cognitive enhancements 
B) Sex differences between women and men 
C) Memory 
D) Intelligence 
A) Pharmaceutical cognitive enhancements 
B) Sex differences between women and men 
C) Memory 
D) Intelligence

Question 12

Neuroscience can be applied in the education system to help students with diverse learning needs.Which of the following was found to be potentially useful for early detection of dyslexia in children?

Accepted Answer

A) Larger ERN component for visually presented words vs.symbols 
B) Larger left frontal lateralization activation for visually presented words vs.symbols 
C) Larger P300 component for visually presented words vs.symbols 
D) Larger N1 component for visually presented words vs.symbols 
A) Larger ERN component for visually presented words vs.symbols 
B) Larger left frontal lateralization activation for visually presented words vs.symbols 
C) Larger P300 component for visually presented words vs.symbols 
D) Larger N1 component for visually presented words vs.symbols

Question 13

Analyses on neuroscience research covered in the media have shown which of the following:

Accepted Answer

A) People encounter neuroscience research mainly in popular non-fiction books written by neuroscientists 
B) Neuroscientists are pleased with how neuroscience research is covered in the media 
C) The media typically report neuroscience findings with high levels of accuracy 
D) The general public has a nuanced understanding of the limitations of neuroscience 
A) People encounter neuroscience research mainly in popular non-fiction books written by neuroscientists 
B) Neuroscientists are pleased with how neuroscience research is covered in the media 
C) The media typically report neuroscience findings with high levels of accuracy 
D) The general public has a nuanced understanding of the limitations of neuroscience

Question 14

The neuroscience of morality has revealed that moral decision making is a deliberative process that involves which of the following:

Accepted Answer

A) Areas related to more strictly emotion and future thinking 
B) A small number of key brain areas specialized for moral judgments 
C) People make moral judgments to ensure that the least amount of harm is done 
D) Areas related to evaluating both emotional and cognitive information related to cost-benefit analyses 
A) Areas related to more strictly emotion and future thinking 
B) A small number of key brain areas specialized for moral judgments 
C) People make moral judgments to ensure that the least amount of harm is done 
D) Areas related to evaluating both emotional and cognitive information related to cost-benefit analyses

Question 15

Research on the role of socioeconomic status (SES) and brain function have found which of the following

Accepted Answer

A) Only the lowest levels of SES affect cognitive performance and brain anatomy 
B) Lags in neuroanatomical development related to SES accounted for around 35% of the differences in test performance 
C) Children from low SES backgrounds showed hyperactivation of ERP components related to attention 
D) Children from low SES backgrounds have decreased gray-matter volume in their hippocampus and temporal lobes 
A) Only the lowest levels of SES affect cognitive performance and brain anatomy 
B) Lags in neuroanatomical development related to SES accounted for around 35% of the differences in test performance 
C) Children from low SES backgrounds showed hyperactivation of ERP components related to attention 
D) Children from low SES backgrounds have decreased gray-matter volume in their hippocampus and temporal lobes

Question 16

One of the common conflicts that arise when neuroscience in applied to other areas like education, the law, and marketing is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) There are financial conflicts of interests that make collaboration difficult 
B) The results are often too simplistic for accurate application in these areas 
C) There are conflicting goals that arise when neuroscience is implemented in these areas 
D) There can be "group-think" in the interpretations of the neuroscience findings 
A) There are financial conflicts of interests that make collaboration difficult 
B) The results are often too simplistic for accurate application in these areas 
C) There are conflicting goals that arise when neuroscience is implemented in these areas 
D) There can be "group-think" in the interpretations of the neuroscience findings

Question 17

One of the limitations of neuroscience in aiding judicial proceedings is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Neuroscience can reveal brain aberrations that can explain someone's actions, which may be unethically used to convict. 
B) There are large natural variations in structure and function making abnormal or normal designations unrealistic. 
C) Juries are more lenient when neuroscience information is used to explain someone's behavior 
D) Neuroscience in courts is disproportionately used for low SES defendants and may bias the jury 
A) Neuroscience can reveal brain aberrations that can explain someone's actions, which may be unethically used to convict. 
B) There are large natural variations in structure and function making abnormal or normal designations unrealistic. 
C) Juries are more lenient when neuroscience information is used to explain someone's behavior 
D) Neuroscience in courts is disproportionately used for low SES defendants and may bias the jury

Question 18

Studies on the effects of chronic stress have found which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) chronic stress is related to small, but enduring changes in sensory acuity 
B) Chronic stress is related to transient performance improvements 
C) Chronic stress is related to elevated levels of cortisol 
D) Chronic stress interventions are only effective for young children 
A) chronic stress is related to small, but enduring changes in sensory acuity 
B) Chronic stress is related to transient performance improvements 
C) Chronic stress is related to elevated levels of cortisol 
D) Chronic stress interventions are only effective for young children

Question 19

Research has shown that people exhibit which of the following cognitive biases when they encounter neuroscience information:

Accepted Answer

A) They underestimate the impact of the neuroscience explanation on human behavior 
B) They endorse neuroscience information that conforms to their pre-existing beliefs 
C) They make more assumptions about people's fundamental attributes 
D) They discount the importance of behavior in the near future vs.distant future 
A) They underestimate the impact of the neuroscience explanation on human behavior 
B) They endorse neuroscience information that conforms to their pre-existing beliefs 
C) They make more assumptions about people's fundamental attributes 
D) They discount the importance of behavior in the near future vs.distant future

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a likely mechanism to explanation SES-related differences?

Accepted Answer

A) Malnutrition 
B) Linguistic overstimulation 
C) Reduced language input 
D) Stressful environment 
A) Malnutrition 
B) Linguistic overstimulation 
C) Reduced language input 
D) Stressful environment

What is the dual-use dilemma?

Which of the following best captures the differences in the meaning of "evidence" for neuroscience research versus the courtroom?

People who are high in justice sensitivity showed which of the following:

Brain-machine interfaces are currently used for which of the following?

Explanations for human behaviour are more persuasive when they contain neuroscience information even if that information is irrelevant.Research into this phenomenon supported which of the following:

What has research on the neuroscience of morality shown in New World capuchin monkeys?

What is cosmetic neurology?

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to improve cognitive performance by focusing controlling activity in which area?

Stress has been show to play a large role in the neurodevelopment effects of low SES in children.Which of the following brain areas has been show to be especially impacted by stress?

Which of the following results has been used to support the idea that adolescents should not be tried as adults for crimes?

Which neuroscience topics are people most interested in learning about?

Neuroscience can be applied in the education system to help students with diverse learning needs.Which of the following was found to be potentially useful for early detection of dyslexia in children?

Analyses on neuroscience research covered in the media have shown which of the following:

The neuroscience of morality has revealed that moral decision making is a deliberative process that involves which of the following:

Research on the role of socioeconomic status (SES) and brain function have found which of the following

One of the common conflicts that arise when neuroscience in applied to other areas like education, the law, and marketing is which of the following?

One of the limitations of neuroscience in aiding judicial proceedings is which of the following?

Studies on the effects of chronic stress have found which of the following?

Research has shown that people exhibit which of the following cognitive biases when they encounter neuroscience information:

Which of the following is NOT a likely mechanism to explanation SES-related differences?

Introduction to the Nervous System

Historical Perspectives

Methods

Motor Control

Sensation and Perception

Object Recognition

Spatial Cognition

Language

Memory and Learning

Attention

Executive Function and Higher-Order Thinking

Emotion

Social Cognition

Psychopathology

Brain Development and Plasticity

Generalized Cognitive Disorders

Filters

Exam 17: Cognitive Neuroscience and Society

What is the dual-use dilemma?

Which of the following best captures the differences in the meaning of "evidence" for neuroscience research versus the courtroom?

People who are high in justice sensitivity showed which of the following:

Brain-machine interfaces are currently used for which of the following?

Explanations for human behaviour are more persuasive when they contain neuroscience information even if that information is irrelevant.Research into this phenomenon supported which of the following:

What has research on the neuroscience of morality shown in New World capuchin monkeys?

What is cosmetic neurology?

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to improve cognitive performance by focusing controlling activity in which area?

Stress has been show to play a large role in the neurodevelopment effects of low SES in children.Which of the following brain areas has been show to be especially impacted by stress?

Which of the following results has been used to support the idea that adolescents should not be tried as adults for crimes?

Which neuroscience topics are people most interested in learning about?

Neuroscience can be applied in the education system to help students with diverse learning needs.Which of the following was found to be potentially useful for early detection of dyslexia in children?

Analyses on neuroscience research covered in the media have shown which of the following:

The neuroscience of morality has revealed that moral decision making is a deliberative process that involves which of the following:

Research on the role of socioeconomic status (SES) and brain function have found which of the following

One of the common conflicts that arise when neuroscience in applied to other areas like education, the law, and marketing is which of the following?

One of the limitations of neuroscience in aiding judicial proceedings is which of the following?

Studies on the effects of chronic stress have found which of the following?

Research has shown that people exhibit which of the following cognitive biases when they encounter neuroscience information:

Which of the following is NOT a likely mechanism to explanation SES-related differences?

Introduction to the Nervous System

Historical Perspectives

Methods

Motor Control

Sensation and Perception

Object Recognition

Spatial Cognition

Language

Memory and Learning

Attention

Executive Function and Higher-Order Thinking

Emotion

Social Cognition

Psychopathology

Brain Development and Plasticity

Generalized Cognitive Disorders

Filters