Chat with AIExam 4: The World of Words
The wife nags at her husband because he constantly withdraws from her. The husband withdraws, because he feels that his wife is nagging all the time. The difference between how the husband and wife see their communication behaviors is due to differences in:
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VerifiedB
Identify the following:
-Speech communities
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotA speech community is a group of people who share a set of linguistic norms and patterns of language use. The concept is used in sociolinguistics to study how language functions within a particular group of people. Members of a speech community may share a common language, dialect, or even a particular style or register of speaking. The defining characteristics of a speech community can include shared social norms, values, and attitudes towards language use, which influence and are influenced by the group's social interactions.
Key features of a speech community include:
1. **Common Language or Dialect**: Members of a speech community typically use a common language or dialect, which serves as a marker of their group identity.
2. **Shared Norms and Rules**: There are often unwritten rules about how language is used within the community. These can include grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary, and even pragmatics – the social rules governing language use in context.
3. **Patterns of Language Change**: Speech communities can be observed for how language evolves within the group. Innovations in language often spread within a speech community before they are adopted by the wider population.
4. **Social Networks**: The interactions and relationships within the group can influence language use. For example, tight-knit communities may develop slang or jargon that is not easily understood by outsiders.
5. **Attitudes and Beliefs**: Members of a speech community often share attitudes about language, such as what constitutes "correct" or "proper" use, and these attitudes can affect how they judge the speech of others both within and outside the community.
6. **Multilingualism**: In some speech communities, members may be fluent in multiple languages or dialects and switch between them based on context, a phenomenon known as code-switching.
Speech communities are not necessarily bound by geography; they can be formed among any group that communicates regularly and shares certain linguistic habits, such as online communities, professional groups, or social circles. Understanding speech communities is important for examining the role of language in social identity, group dynamics, and cultural continuity.
Define static evaluation and explain what Chapter 4 suggested as a method of avoiding static evaluation in our thinking. Provide a concrete example of the method in a real-life situation.
(37) VerifiedStatic evaluation is making assessments that suggest something is unchanging or static, and can often be identified when communicators use the word "is" (e.g., "John is strange"). We can avoid static evaluations through indexing, which is a technique that reminds us that assessments refer to a specific time and place. Bonus points can be awards to students who connect static evaluations with making global, stable, and often internal attributions, while indexing is a way of making specific, unstable, and often external attributions.
According to your text, misunderstanding is less likely when we are conscious of
(38) "One day, I won't have to worry about being single. One day, I'll be married." These statements illustrate how symbols allow for:
(39) ____ language provides concrete descriptions of behaviors we dislike without directly blaming the other person for how we feel.
(37) Professor X assigns a paper in which students are to demonstrate "conceptual understanding by applying concepts to the real world." Professor X is surprised when many of the papers are extended examples of personal thought instead of being analyses of observations of society. The difference between what Professor X's words meant to the students and what the words meant to her/him reflects the fact that language is:
(37) Which of the following is NOT a constitutive rule of communication?
(44) Give an example of punctuation and explain how punctuation shapes meaning.
(40) Your textbook states that respecting what others say about what they feel is a cornerstone of effective interpersonal communication. Describe some strategies for respecting what others say and feel.
(47) A study by Victoria DeFrancisco (1991) revealed a clear pattern between spouses, in which husbands interrupted wives and were unresponsive to topics wives initiated. Both husbands and wives were unaware of the rules, but their communication nonetheless sustained the pattern.
(36) Using ____ language allows you to own your own feelings while explaining to others how you interpret their behaviors.
(37) In general, masculine-gender speech communities follow this communication rule:
(35) We follow communication rules even when we are not consciously aware of them.
(38) Although words don't mean exactly the same thing to everyone, within a culture many symbols have an agreed-upon range of meanings.
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