Question 1

Donald Campbell made many contributions in the area of

Accepted Answer

A) statistical analyses. 
B) developmental psychology. 
C) physiological research. 
D) quasi-experimental designs. 
A) statistical analyses. 
B) developmental psychology. 
C) physiological research. 
D) quasi-experimental designs. D

Question 2

In a longitudinal design, the quasi-independent variable is

Accepted Answer

A) manipulated. 
B) the passage of time. 
C) measured several times. 
D) a characteristic of the participants. 
A) manipulated. 
B) the passage of time. 
C) measured several times. 
D) a characteristic of the participants. B

Question 3

What is regression to the mean? How does it threaten internal validity?

Accepted Answer

Regression to the mean is a statistical phenomenon where extreme or unusual data points are likely to be followed by more typical or average data points. In other words, if a variable is measured at an extreme value, it is likely to move closer to the average on subsequent measurements.

This phenomenon threatens internal validity in research studies because it can lead to the misinterpretation of results. For example, if a study measures the effects of a new intervention on a group of individuals who are selected because they have extreme scores on a certain outcome variable, regression to the mean can make it appear as though the intervention had a positive effect when in reality, the change is simply due to the natural tendency for extreme scores to move closer to the average over time.

To address this threat to internal validity, researchers can use control groups, random assignment, and pre-post measurements to ensure that any observed changes are truly due to the intervention and not just the result of regression to the mean. Additionally, using multiple measurements over time can help to identify and account for the effects of regression to the mean in the data analysis process.

Question 4

Regression to the mean is most likely to be a threat to internal validity when

Accepted Answer

A) the sample size is small. 
B) adolescents are being studied. 
C) participants are not assigned randomly assigned to conditions. 
D) the sample was chosen because it had low or high scores on the dependent variable. 
A) the sample size is small. 
B) adolescents are being studied. 
C) participants are not assigned randomly assigned to conditions. 
D) the sample was chosen because it had low or high scores on the dependent variable.

Question 5

The one-group pretest-posttest design is a _______ design.

Accepted Answer

A) nonequivalent control group 
B) correlational 
C) pre-experimental 
D) quasi-experimental 
A) nonequivalent control group 
B) correlational 
C) pre-experimental 
D) quasi-experimental

Question 6

Research that is designed to document the effects of changes in laws, policies, or programs is called

Accepted Answer

A) critical multiplism. 
B) program evaluation. 
C) policy analysis. 
D) decision research. 
A) critical multiplism. 
B) program evaluation. 
C) policy analysis. 
D) decision research.

Question 7

What is the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional designs?

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal and cross-sectional designs

Question 8

The central threat to the internal validity of a simple interrupted time series design is

Accepted Answer

A) maturation. 
B) contemporary history. 
C) regression to the mean. 
D) pretest sensitization. 
A) maturation. 
B) contemporary history. 
C) regression to the mean. 
D) pretest sensitization.

Question 9

To infer that one variable causes another,

Accepted Answer

A) the cause and the effect must covary. 
B) the study must have high external validity. 
C) the cause and the effect must be measured at the same time. 
D) a quasi-experimental design must be used. 
A) the cause and the effect must covary. 
B) the study must have high external validity. 
C) the cause and the effect must be measured at the same time. 
D) a quasi-experimental design must be used.

Question 10

A local history effect occurs

Accepted Answer

A) because participants were not randomly assigned to groups. 
B) as a result of regression to the mean. 
C) when all of the participants are from the same location. 
D) when groups experience different events other than the quasi-independent variable. 
A) because participants were not randomly assigned to groups. 
B) as a result of regression to the mean. 
C) when all of the participants are from the same location. 
D) when groups experience different events other than the quasi-independent variable.

Question 11

What is program evaluation? Why do program evaluators often rely on quasi-experimental methods?

Accepted Answer

Program evaluation is the systematic ass

Question 12

Experimental contamination occurs when

Accepted Answer

A) the experimenter informs participants of his or her hypotheses. 
B) participants are not randomly assigned to conditions. 
C) a variable unrelated to the study affects participants' responses. 
D) participants in different conditions interact with one another. 
A) the experimenter informs participants of his or her hypotheses. 
B) participants are not randomly assigned to conditions. 
C) a variable unrelated to the study affects participants' responses. 
D) participants in different conditions interact with one another.

Question 13

What are longitudinal designs?

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal designs are research strate

Question 14

What is the rationale behind the simple interrupted time series design?

Accepted Answer

The rationale behind the simple interrup

Question 15

A nonequivalent group's posttest-only design is also called a

Accepted Answer

A) static group comparison. 
B) regression design. 
C) biased participants design. 
D) pre-experimental design. 
A) static group comparison. 
B) regression design. 
C) biased participants design. 
D) pre-experimental design.

Question 16

When should a one-group pretest-posttest design be used?

Accepted Answer

A) When random assignment is not possible 
B) When the sample is very homogeneous 
C) When evaluating the effects of educational programs 
D) Never 
A) When random assignment is not possible 
B) When the sample is very homogeneous 
C) When evaluating the effects of educational programs 
D) Never

Question 17

When the groups in a quasi-experiment were not equivalent at the beginning of the study, _________ may compromise internal validity.

Accepted Answer

A) maturation 
B) regression to the mean 
C) selection bias 
D) pretest-posttest contamination 
A) maturation 
B) regression to the mean 
C) selection bias 
D) pretest-posttest contamination

Question 18

The interrupted time series design with a reversal attempts to address which of the following threats to internal validity?

Accepted Answer

A) Selection bias 
B) Regression to the mean 
C) Contemporary history 
D) Pretest sensitization 
A) Selection bias 
B) Regression to the mean 
C) Contemporary history 
D) Pretest sensitization

Question 19

Longitudinal designs are better than cross-sectional designs for studying age-related changes because they

Accepted Answer

A) use random assignment. 
B) control for generational effects. 
C) use control groups. 
D) eliminate confounding. 
A) use random assignment. 
B) control for generational effects. 
C) use control groups. 
D) eliminate confounding.

Question 20

What three criteria must be met to establish that a particular variable causes certain behavioral effects?

Accepted Answer

To establish that a particular variable

Donald Campbell made many contributions in the area of

In a longitudinal design, the quasi-independent variable is

What is regression to the mean? How does it threaten internal validity?

Regression to the mean is most likely to be a threat to internal validity when

The one-group pretest-posttest design is a _______ design.

Research that is designed to document the effects of changes in laws, policies, or programs is called

What is the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional designs?

The central threat to the internal validity of a simple interrupted time series design is

To infer that one variable causes another,

A local history effect occurs

What is program evaluation? Why do program evaluators often rely on quasi-experimental methods?

Experimental contamination occurs when

What are longitudinal designs?

What is the rationale behind the simple interrupted time series design?

A nonequivalent group's posttest-only design is also called a

When should a one-group pretest-posttest design be used?

When the groups in a quasi-experiment were not equivalent at the beginning of the study, _________ may compromise internal validity.

The interrupted time series design with a reversal attempts to address which of the following threats to internal validity?

Longitudinal designs are better than cross-sectional designs for studying age-related changes because they

What three criteria must be met to establish that a particular variable causes certain behavioral effects?

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Approaches to Psychological Measurement

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Descriptive Research

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Exam 13: Quasi-Experimental Designs

Donald Campbell made many contributions in the area of

In a longitudinal design, the quasi-independent variable is

What is regression to the mean? How does it threaten internal validity?

Regression to the mean is most likely to be a threat to internal validity when

The one-group pretest-posttest design is a _______ design.

Research that is designed to document the effects of changes in laws, policies, or programs is called

What is the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional designs?

The central threat to the internal validity of a simple interrupted time series design is

To infer that one variable causes another,

A local history effect occurs

What is program evaluation? Why do program evaluators often rely on quasi-experimental methods?

Experimental contamination occurs when

What are longitudinal designs?

What is the rationale behind the simple interrupted time series design?

A nonequivalent group's posttest-only design is also called a

When should a one-group pretest-posttest design be used?

When the groups in a quasi-experiment were not equivalent at the beginning of the study, _________ may compromise internal validity.

The interrupted time series design with a reversal attempts to address which of the following threats to internal validity?

Longitudinal designs are better than cross-sectional designs for studying age-related changes because they

What three criteria must be met to establish that a particular variable causes certain behavioral effects?

Research in the Behavioral Sciences

Behavioral Variability and Research

The Measurement of Behavior

Approaches to Psychological Measurement

Selecting Research Participants

Descriptive Research

Correlational Research

Advanced Correlational Strategies

Basic Issues in Experimental Research

Experimental Design

Analyzing Experimental Data: Basic Concepts

Statistical Analysis

Single-Case Research

Ethical Issues in Behavioral Research

Scientific Writing

Filters