Question 1

What are some other social factors that should be taken into consideration when administering and interpreting a personality assessment?​

Accepted Answer

In addition to individual personality traits, there are several social factors that should be taken into consideration when administering and interpreting a personality assessment. These factors include cultural background, socioeconomic status, family dynamics, and peer influences.

Cultural background plays a significant role in shaping an individual's personality and behavior. Different cultures have varying norms, values, and expectations, which can influence how a person expresses their personality. It is important to consider cultural differences when interpreting personality assessment results to avoid misinterpreting certain traits or behaviors.

Socioeconomic status can also impact personality development. Individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may have different experiences and opportunities compared to those from higher socioeconomic backgrounds, which can influence their personality traits and behaviors. It is important to consider these differences when administering and interpreting personality assessments to ensure a comprehensive understanding of an individual's personality.

Family dynamics and upbringing can have a profound impact on personality development. The relationships and experiences within the family unit can shape an individual's personality traits and behaviors. It is important to consider family dynamics when interpreting personality assessment results to understand the potential influences on an individual's personality.

Peer influences and social relationships can also play a role in shaping an individual's personality. The people with whom an individual interacts and forms relationships can impact their behavior and personality traits. It is important to consider these social influences when administering and interpreting personality assessments to understand the broader context in which an individual's personality develops.

In conclusion, when administering and interpreting a personality assessment, it is essential to consider social factors such as cultural background, socioeconomic status, family dynamics, and peer influences. By taking these factors into account, a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of an individual's personality can be achieved.

Question 2

Concerning measures of self-concept or self-esteem:​

Accepted Answer

A) ​scores on these instruments have steadily declined in the last decade. 
B) ​there are major ethnic and racial differences on these instruments. 
C) ​the reliabilities of these instruments generally fall between 0.80 to 0.90. 
D) ​there is no universal agreement on the definition of the concepts nor how to measure them. 
A) ​scores on these instruments have steadily declined in the last decade. 
B) ​there are major ethnic and racial differences on these instruments. 
C) ​the reliabilities of these instruments generally fall between 0.80 to 0.90. 
D) ​there is no universal agreement on the definition of the concepts nor how to measure them. D

Question 3

What are some factors that may lead to changes in personality?​

Accepted Answer

Changes in personality can be influenced by a variety of factors, which can be broadly categorized into biological, psychological, and environmental influences. Here are some key factors that may lead to changes in personality:

1. **Biological Factors:**
   - **Genetics:** An individual's genetic makeup can predispose them to certain personality traits, and changes in gene expression over time can influence personality development.
   - **Brain Structure and Function:** Changes in the brain due to injury, disease, or aging can affect personality. For example, frontal lobe damage can lead to alterations in impulsivity and judgment.
   - **Neurotransmitter Levels:** Fluctuations in chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine, can impact mood, behavior, and personality.
   - **Hormonal Changes:** Hormonal fluctuations, such as those during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can affect emotional regulation and personality traits.
   - **Physical Health:** Chronic illness or pain can lead to changes in how a person interacts with the world, potentially altering their personality.

2. **Psychological Factors:**
   - **Cognitive Development:** As people grow and learn, their understanding of the world changes, which can lead to changes in personality.
   - **Emotional Experiences:** Traumatic events or significant emotional experiences can have a lasting impact on personality. For example, someone who has experienced betrayal may become less trusting.
   - **Mental Health:** Conditions such as depression, anxiety, or personality disorders can significantly affect an individual's personality.
   - **Coping Mechanisms:** The strategies individuals use to deal with stress and adversity can shape their personality over time.

3. **Environmental Factors:**
   - **Life Experiences:** Personal experiences, including relationships, education, and work, can influence personality development and change.
   - **Culture and Society:** Cultural norms and societal expectations can shape personality traits, and changes in these external pressures can lead to personality changes.
   - **Social Relationships:** Interactions with family, friends, and peers can influence personality. For example, supportive relationships may foster confidence, while toxic relationships may lead to increased anxiety or defensiveness.
   - **Socioeconomic Status:** The resources available to an individual, including education and economic opportunities, can impact personality development.

4. **Life Transitions:**
   - **Major Life Events:** Events such as marriage, parenthood, career changes, or the loss of a loved one can lead to significant personality shifts.
   - **Aging:** As people age, they often experience changes in personality, such as increased agreeableness and decreased openness to new experiences.

5. **Substance Use:**
   - **Alcohol and Drugs:** Substance use and abuse can lead to temporary or long-term changes in personality, affecting mood, behavior, and cognitive function.

It's important to note that personality is complex and multifaceted, and changes can result from the interplay of various factors. Additionally, the degree to which personality changes can vary widely among individuals, with some exhibiting significant changes and others remaining relatively stable over time.

Question 4

When constructing interviews to assess personality, counselors should be sure to:​

Accepted Answer

A) ​develop questions that are conceptually related to personality assessment. 
B) ​include both formal and informal interview protocols. 
C) ​use both semi-structured and unstructured interviews to allow for more flexibility in client responses. 
D) ​include only open-ended questions. 
A) ​develop questions that are conceptually related to personality assessment. 
B) ​include both formal and informal interview protocols. 
C) ​use both semi-structured and unstructured interviews to allow for more flexibility in client responses. 
D) ​include only open-ended questions.

Question 5

If an individual has an elevated L Scale (Lie Scale)on the MMPI-2, then the individual:​

Accepted Answer

A) ​has a tendency to consistently lie. 
B) ​did not lie on any of the questions. 
C) ​lied on almost all of the questions. 
D) ​attempted to "look good" while answering some of the questions. 
A) ​has a tendency to consistently lie. 
B) ​did not lie on any of the questions. 
C) ​lied on almost all of the questions. 
D) ​attempted to "look good" while answering some of the questions.

Question 6

Increasing the amount of time that counselors spend observing clients may be one way to enhance the __________________, and therefore, the validity, of observations.​

Accepted Answer

A) ​subjectivity 
B) ​objectivity 
C) ​representativeness 
D) ​applicability 
A) ​subjectivity 
B) ​objectivity 
C) ​representativeness 
D) ​applicability

Question 7

In interpreting client drawings, a counselor can conclude that:​

Accepted Answer

A) ​small drawings mean the child has low self-esteem. 
B) ​sad faces and dark colors mean the client is depressed. 
C) ​triangles mean the child has been sexually abused. 
D) ​no simple conclusions can be made as interpretation is complex. 
A) ​small drawings mean the child has low self-esteem. 
B) ​sad faces and dark colors mean the client is depressed. 
C) ​triangles mean the child has been sexually abused. 
D) ​no simple conclusions can be made as interpretation is complex.

Question 8

Projective techniques, as distinguished from other personality instruments, have usually been designed to measure the:​

Accepted Answer

A) ​level of aggression in terms of psychodynamic theory. 
B) ​more typical and superficial aspects of personality. 
C) ​​client's level of repression and hostility. 
D) ​covert and underlying aspects of personality. 
A) ​level of aggression in terms of psychodynamic theory. 
B) ​more typical and superficial aspects of personality. 
C) ​​client's level of repression and hostility. 
D) ​covert and underlying aspects of personality.

Question 9

The most widely employed method ​ of personality assessment is:​

Accepted Answer

A) ​observation. 
B) ​the MMPI-2. 
C) ​structured interviews. 
D) ​rating scales. 
A) ​observation. 
B) ​the MMPI-2. 
C) ​structured interviews. 
D) ​rating scales.

Question 10

Within formal personality assessment, there are two major categories: structured instruments and __________. ​

Accepted Answer

A) ​unstructured instruments 
B) ​structured interviews 
C) ​projective techniques 
D) ​performance techniques 
A) ​unstructured instruments 
B) ​structured interviews 
C) ​projective techniques 
D) ​performance techniques

Question 11

Research on the general stability of the five factors of personality over the lifespan indicates all of the following except:​

Accepted Answer

A) ​agreeableness tends to increase throughout adulthood. 
B) ​social dominance, emotional stability and conscientiousness increase during early adulthood. 
C) ​personality changes most dramatically in adolescence and is largely set by the age of 30. 
D) ​aspects of adult personality can change into one's 70s. 
A) ​agreeableness tends to increase throughout adulthood. 
B) ​social dominance, emotional stability and conscientiousness increase during early adulthood. 
C) ​personality changes most dramatically in adolescence and is largely set by the age of 30. 
D) ​aspects of adult personality can change into one's 70s.

Question 12

Have you had experience taking a personality test? What type of test was is, and what were your thoughts and feelings as the test-taker?​

Accepted Answer

Yes, I have had experience taking a pers

Question 13

An introverted client who uses senses to perceive information, uses feelings to process information, and whose orientation to the outer world is judgment would have which of the following Myers-Briggs personality types? ​

Accepted Answer

A) ​ISFJ 
B) ​INTJ 
C) ​ISTP 
D) ​ENFJ 
A) ​ISFJ 
B) ​INTJ 
C) ​ISTP 
D) ​ENFJ

Question 14

The two major types of informal personality assessment techniques are observation and ______________.​

Accepted Answer

A) ​performance techniques 
B) ​interviewing 
C) ​projective techniques 
D) ​unstructured instruments 
A) ​performance techniques 
B) ​interviewing 
C) ​projective techniques 
D) ​unstructured instruments

Question 15

The empirical criterion keying method of constructing a personality inventory means items are selected based on:

Accepted Answer

A) ​their content. 
B) ​their relationship to some external criterion. 
C) ​whether they correlate with other similar items. 
D) ​whether experts judge them to be acceptable items. 
A) ​their content. 
B) ​their relationship to some external criterion. 
C) ​whether they correlate with other similar items. 
D) ​whether experts judge them to be acceptable items.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the higher-order scales on the MMPI-2-RF?​

Accepted Answer

A) ​Somatic Complaints (RC1) 
B) ​Thought Dysfunction (TH
D)  
C) ​Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction (BX
D)  
D) ​Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction (EI
D)  
A) ​Somatic Complaints (RC1) 
B) ​Thought Dysfunction (TH
D)  
C) ​Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction (BX
D)  
D) ​Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction (EI
D)

Question 17

The term personality is used in everyday conversation by all kinds of people. What would you say your definition of personality is? Given your definition, how would you describe your own personality? ​

Accepted Answer

Personality can be defined as the unique

Question 18

One of the initial steps in interpreting the MMPI-2 or MMPI-A is to:​

Accepted Answer

A) ​examine the validity of the profile using the Validity Scale scores. 
B) ​examine how long the individual took to complete it. 
C) ​interpret the Basic scales. 
D) ​plot the scores on the profile sheet. 
A) ​examine the validity of the profile using the Validity Scale scores. 
B) ​examine how long the individual took to complete it. 
C) ​interpret the Basic scales. 
D) ​plot the scores on the profile sheet.

Question 19

A widely used measure of the self-perceptions of children and adolescents is the:​

Accepted Answer

A) ​Tennessee Self-Concept Scale - Second Edition (TSCS-2). 
B) ​Piers-Harris Children Self-Concept Scale, Second Edition. 
C) ​Child Self-Perception Scale (CSPS). 
D) ​Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories (CSEI). 
A) ​Tennessee Self-Concept Scale - Second Edition (TSCS-2). 
B) ​Piers-Harris Children Self-Concept Scale, Second Edition. 
C) ​Child Self-Perception Scale (CSPS). 
D) ​Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories (CSEI).

Question 20

In comparison to the original version of the MMPI, the MMPI-2:​

Accepted Answer

A) ​contains more items. 
B) ​is more complex to administer and interpret. 
C) ​includes norms based on a more diverse and representative standardization sample. 
D) ​does not require clinicians to consider issues of acculturation, education or socioeconomic status. 
A) ​contains more items. 
B) ​is more complex to administer and interpret. 
C) ​includes norms based on a more diverse and representative standardization sample. 
D) ​does not require clinicians to consider issues of acculturation, education or socioeconomic status.

What are some other social factors that should be taken into consideration when administering and interpreting a personality assessment?

Concerning measures of self-concept or self-esteem:

What are some factors that may lead to changes in personality?

When constructing interviews to assess personality, counselors should be sure to:

If an individual has an elevated L Scale (Lie Scale)on the MMPI-2, then the individual:

Increasing the amount of time that counselors spend observing clients may be one way to enhance the __________________, and therefore, the validity, of observations.

In interpreting client drawings, a counselor can conclude that:

Projective techniques, as distinguished from other personality instruments, have usually been designed to measure the:

The most widely employed method of personality assessment is:

Within formal personality assessment, there are two major categories: structured instruments and __________.

Research on the general stability of the five factors of personality over the lifespan indicates all of the following except:

Have you had experience taking a personality test? What type of test was is, and what were your thoughts and feelings as the test-taker?

An introverted client who uses senses to perceive information, uses feelings to process information, and whose orientation to the outer world is judgment would have which of the following Myers-Briggs personality types?

The two major types of informal personality assessment techniques are observation and ______________.

The empirical criterion keying method of constructing a personality inventory means items are selected based on:

Which of the following is NOT one of the higher-order scales on the MMPI-2-RF?

The term personality is used in everyday conversation by all kinds of people. What would you say your definition of personality is? Given your definition, how would you describe your own personality?

One of the initial steps in interpreting the MMPI-2 or MMPI-A is to:

A widely used measure of the self-perceptions of children and adolescents is the:

In comparison to the original version of the MMPI, the MMPI-2:

Assessment in Counseling

Basic Assessment Principles

Reliability

Validity and Item Analysis

Ethical and Legal Issues in Assessment

Issues Related to Assessment With Diverse Populations

Selecting Administering Scoring and Communicating Assessment Results

Initial Assessment in Counseling

Intelligence and General Ability Testing

Assessing Achievement and Aptitude Applications for Counseling

Assessment in Career Counseling

Behavioral Assessment

Assessment in Marriage and Family Counseling

Diagnosis

Monitoring and Evaluating Counseling

Filters

Exam 12: Appraisal of Personality

What are some other social factors that should be taken into consideration when administering and interpreting a personality assessment?​

Concerning measures of self-concept or self-esteem:​

What are some factors that may lead to changes in personality?​

When constructing interviews to assess personality, counselors should be sure to:​

If an individual has an elevated L Scale (Lie Scale)on the MMPI-2, then the individual:​

Increasing the amount of time that counselors spend observing clients may be one way to enhance the __________________, and therefore, the validity, of observations.​

In interpreting client drawings, a counselor can conclude that:​

Projective techniques, as distinguished from other personality instruments, have usually been designed to measure the:​

The most widely employed method ​ of personality assessment is:​

Within formal personality assessment, there are two major categories: structured instruments and __________. ​

Research on the general stability of the five factors of personality over the lifespan indicates all of the following except:​

Have you had experience taking a personality test? What type of test was is, and what were your thoughts and feelings as the test-taker?​

An introverted client who uses senses to perceive information, uses feelings to process information, and whose orientation to the outer world is judgment would have which of the following Myers-Briggs personality types? ​

The two major types of informal personality assessment techniques are observation and ______________.​

The empirical criterion keying method of constructing a personality inventory means items are selected based on:

Which of the following is NOT one of the higher-order scales on the MMPI-2-RF?​

The term personality is used in everyday conversation by all kinds of people. What would you say your definition of personality is? Given your definition, how would you describe your own personality? ​

One of the initial steps in interpreting the MMPI-2 or MMPI-A is to:​

A widely used measure of the self-perceptions of children and adolescents is the:​

In comparison to the original version of the MMPI, the MMPI-2:​

Assessment in Counseling

Basic Assessment Principles

Reliability

Validity and Item Analysis

Ethical and Legal Issues in Assessment

Issues Related to Assessment With Diverse Populations

Selecting Administering Scoring and Communicating Assessment Results

Initial Assessment in Counseling

Intelligence and General Ability Testing

Assessing Achievement and Aptitude Applications for Counseling

Assessment in Career Counseling

Behavioral Assessment

Assessment in Marriage and Family Counseling

Diagnosis

Monitoring and Evaluating Counseling

Filters

What are some other social factors that should be taken into consideration when administering and interpreting a personality assessment?

Concerning measures of self-concept or self-esteem:

What are some factors that may lead to changes in personality?

When constructing interviews to assess personality, counselors should be sure to:

If an individual has an elevated L Scale (Lie Scale)on the MMPI-2, then the individual:

Increasing the amount of time that counselors spend observing clients may be one way to enhance the __________________, and therefore, the validity, of observations.

In interpreting client drawings, a counselor can conclude that:

Projective techniques, as distinguished from other personality instruments, have usually been designed to measure the:

The most widely employed method of personality assessment is:

Within formal personality assessment, there are two major categories: structured instruments and __________.

Research on the general stability of the five factors of personality over the lifespan indicates all of the following except:

Have you had experience taking a personality test? What type of test was is, and what were your thoughts and feelings as the test-taker?

An introverted client who uses senses to perceive information, uses feelings to process information, and whose orientation to the outer world is judgment would have which of the following Myers-Briggs personality types?

The two major types of informal personality assessment techniques are observation and ______________.

Which of the following is NOT one of the higher-order scales on the MMPI-2-RF?

The term personality is used in everyday conversation by all kinds of people. What would you say your definition of personality is? Given your definition, how would you describe your own personality?

One of the initial steps in interpreting the MMPI-2 or MMPI-A is to:

A widely used measure of the self-perceptions of children and adolescents is the:

In comparison to the original version of the MMPI, the MMPI-2: