Chat with AIExam 14: Making Ethical Choices
The deliberate, negligent, or reckless use of force against noncombatants, by state or non-state actors for ideological ends and in the absence of a substantively just legal process is called:
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VerifiedC
What is the argument in support of torture? What is the argument against it? Be sure to refer to the applicable ethical systems.
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe argument in support of torture is often based on the belief that it can be an effective means of obtaining information from individuals who may have critical knowledge that could prevent harm or save lives. Proponents of torture may argue that in extreme circumstances, such as in the case of imminent terrorist attacks, the use of torture may be justified in order to extract vital information quickly.
From a utilitarian ethical perspective, the argument in support of torture may be framed in terms of the potential for the greater good. If the use of torture could potentially save many lives by preventing a terrorist attack, some may argue that the short-term suffering of the individual being tortured is outweighed by the long-term benefit to society.
On the other hand, the argument against torture is rooted in the belief that it is a violation of human rights and dignity. From a deontological ethical perspective, the use of torture is seen as inherently wrong because it treats individuals as mere means to an end, rather than as ends in themselves. It is argued that torture is a violation of the fundamental human right to be free from cruel and inhumane treatment.
Furthermore, opponents of torture may also argue that the use of torture is not only morally wrong, but also ineffective. There is evidence to suggest that individuals who are subjected to torture may provide false information in order to end their suffering, making the practice unreliable as a means of obtaining accurate information.
In conclusion, the argument in support of torture is often based on the potential for obtaining critical information in extreme circumstances, while the argument against it is rooted in the ethical principles of human rights and dignity, as well as the practical concerns about its effectiveness. Ultimately, the debate over the use of torture is a complex and contentious ethical issue that requires careful consideration of both the potential benefits and the ethical implications.
A basic premise of rights-based law enforcement is that
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Explain how the nation's response to 9/11 has impacted local law enforcement.
(38) You are in charge of cyber-security for the NSA. Your job necessitates the highest security clearance, and you are privy to many of the most secret inner workings of the agency. In the last six months, as a response to a domestic terrorist attack, you have become aware that the NSA is collecting data without a subpoena from millions of Americans. A special file is being made of Muslim citizens, even though the attack was not being carried out by them. Revealing these secrets will expose you to prison; not revealing them would mean you neglected what you feel is an illegal breach of the public trust. What will you do? Explain in detail.
(37) Military interrogators were trained with materials derived from descriptions of techniques used by the Chinese against American soldiers in the Korean War.
(27) Present a method to resolve the ethical dilemmas of surveillance in a free society.
(41) A theme in this book is the contradiction between formal codes of ethics and __________.
(28) You are the police chief in a large American city. Prior to 9/11, your city's crime rates had been declining steadily, due in part to a commitment to community-oriented policing. Your department discovered a local resident meeting with a suspected intelligence officer from a foreign nation operating in your city. Your department is planning a joint operation with the FBI to investigate, and it is decided that a wiretap would be appropriate. Because the resident is a U.S. citizen, the wiretap must be approved by:
(34) The Protect America Act was passed in 2007, allowing the government:
(37) Discuss the various ways in which the federal government has responded to terrorism.
(35) In the case of Clark v. Martinez , the U.S. Supreme Court held that the government may not indefinitely detain ____________without some due process.
(42) Briefly explain why utilitarianism can be considered the most pervasive ethical system used in the war on terror.
(36) You are an advisor to the president on issues of international justice. Intelligence comes to you from a somewhat untrustworthy source that a biological weapons program is being instituted in a country that borders a close ally of the United States. What will you tell the president about how, why, and when to intervene in such a situation?
(36) In 2003, President Bush determined that it was vital to the national security of the United States to invade Iraq and force the removal of Saddam Hussein's government. In addition to the brutality Hussein inflicted on his people, including the use of chemical weapons, the Bush Administration believed Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Colin Powell appeared before the United Nations to show aerial photographs that were interpreted as proof that Iraq was pursuing a nuclear weapon. Hussein's refusal to cooperate with international inspectors lent credence to this belief. Further, the President accused Hussein of cooperating with al-Qaeda. The pursuit of Saddam Hussein caused many civilian casualties among the Iraqi people. The civilian casualties were not intended; in fact, great care was taken to keep the civilian casualties to a minimum. According to the ________________, then, the act of toppling Hussein was considered a good act.
(32) Government agents could demand citizens relinquish information not supported by subpoena or warrant by the use of ________________________ in an effort to investigate threats of national security.
(41) In the months after 9/11, a devastated nation passed a series of laws and instituted practices which many felt were fundamentally un-American. Rendition and torture, sometimes of innocent people, was carried out in the name of terrorist prevention. As a United States Senator, there is a bill you must vote on which will allow American citizens to be tried and convicted for future war crimes such as the ones committed at Abu Ghraib. Discuss how you will vote and why.
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