Question 1

The concrete operational stage is one of the developmental stages described by:

Accepted Answer

A) Jean Piaget. 
B) Jerome Bruner. 
C) Edward Thorndike. 
D) Howard Gardner. 
A) Jean Piaget. 
B) Jerome Bruner. 
C) Edward Thorndike. 
D) Howard Gardner. A

Question 2

Contrast behaviorist and cognitivist theories of learning.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorist and cognitivist theories of learning are two different approaches to understanding how people learn and acquire new knowledge and skills.

Behaviorist theory, often associated with the work of B.F. Skinner, focuses on observable behaviors and the environmental factors that influence them. According to behaviorism, learning is the result of conditioning, where individuals learn through reinforcement and punishment. This theory emphasizes the importance of external stimuli and the role of repetition in forming new behaviors. Behaviorists believe that learning is a passive process, with the learner responding to external cues and stimuli.

On the other hand, cognitivist theory, associated with researchers like Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, focuses on the internal mental processes involved in learning. Cognitivists believe that learning is an active, constructive process, where individuals actively engage with new information, make sense of it, and integrate it with their existing knowledge. This theory emphasizes the role of memory, attention, and problem-solving in learning, and views learners as active participants in the learning process.

In contrast to behaviorism, cognitivism places greater emphasis on the role of internal mental processes, such as perception, memory, and thinking, in shaping learning outcomes. Cognitivists also emphasize the importance of meaningful learning experiences and the role of social interaction in the learning process, in contrast to the behaviorist focus on external reinforcement.

Overall, while behaviorism and cognitivism both offer valuable insights into the learning process, they differ in their emphasis on external stimuli and observable behaviors (behaviorism) versus internal mental processes and active engagement with new information (cognitivism).

Question 3

Recommendations based on research for improving student achievement in mathematics include all of the following except :

Accepted Answer

A) teachers' salaries bear directly on the achievement of students. 
B) students can learn both concepts and skills through solving problems. 
C) giving students both an opportunity to discover and invent new knowledge and an opportunity to practice what they have learned improves student achievement. 
D) using small groups of students to work on activities, problems, and assignments can increase student mathematics achievement. 
A) teachers' salaries bear directly on the achievement of students. 
B) students can learn both concepts and skills through solving problems. 
C) giving students both an opportunity to discover and invent new knowledge and an opportunity to practice what they have learned improves student achievement. 
D) using small groups of students to work on activities, problems, and assignments can increase student mathematics achievement. A

Question 4

Chip trading, unifix cubes, place ten blocks, and bean sticks are "multiple embodiments" associated with the ideas of:

Accepted Answer

A) Jerome Bruner. 
B) Zoltan Dienes. 
C) Edward Thorndike. 
D) Howard Gardner. 
A) Jerome Bruner. 
B) Zoltan Dienes. 
C) Edward Thorndike. 
D) Howard Gardner.

Question 5

Seeing learning as a continual process of assimilation and accommodation was advocated by:

Accepted Answer

A) Jean Piaget. 
B) Jerome Bruner. 
C) William Brownell. 
D) Lev Vygotsky. 
A) Jean Piaget. 
B) Jerome Bruner. 
C) William Brownell. 
D) Lev Vygotsky.

Question 6

Contrast procedural learning with attaining conceptual knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Procedural learning involves acquiring s

Question 7

The enactive, ikonic, and symbolic levels of representation are associated with:

Accepted Answer

A) Jean Piaget. 
B) Edward Thorndike. 
C) Jerome Bruner. 
D) Howard Gardner. 
A) Jean Piaget. 
B) Edward Thorndike. 
C) Jerome Bruner. 
D) Howard Gardner.

Question 8

The following are ideas or theorists associated with behaviorism except for :

Accepted Answer

A) discovering predictable relationships between stimuli and responses. 
B) Jerome Bruner and Jean Piaget. 
C) Ivan Pavlov and B. F. Skinner. 
D) machinelike qualities of human functioning. 
A) discovering predictable relationships between stimuli and responses. 
B) Jerome Bruner and Jean Piaget. 
C) Ivan Pavlov and B. F. Skinner. 
D) machinelike qualities of human functioning.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true regarding procedural and conceptual learning?

Accepted Answer

A) "Learning how" is most important. 
B) "Learning why" is most important. 
C) Connecting "learning why" and "learning how" is most important. 
D) Procedural learning comes before conceptual learning. 
A) "Learning how" is most important. 
B) "Learning why" is most important. 
C) Connecting "learning why" and "learning how" is most important. 
D) Procedural learning comes before conceptual learning.

Question 10

LeFrancois concludes that the information processing model of human learning:

Accepted Answer

A) involves memory chips in the brain. 
B) shows how human knowledge is instinctual in nature. 
C) suggests the development of neural networks. 
D) eliminates the role of emotion in learning. 
A) involves memory chips in the brain. 
B) shows how human knowledge is instinctual in nature. 
C) suggests the development of neural networks. 
D) eliminates the role of emotion in learning.

Question 11

Teachers can keep current about research in mathematics through:

Accepted Answer

A) reading educational journals. 
B) ERIC. 
C) conducting action research in their classrooms. 
D) all of these options are correct. 
A) reading educational journals. 
B) ERIC. 
C) conducting action research in their classrooms. 
D) all of these options are correct.

Question 12

Explain why drawing conclusions based on a single research study is inherently incorrect.

Accepted Answer

Drawing conclusions based on a single re

Question 13

Behaviorist theories emphasize learning: ​

Accepted Answer

A) through construction of meaning. 
B) motor skills rather than cognitive skills. 
C) in stages. 
D) through reactions to stimulus. 
A) through construction of meaning. 
B) motor skills rather than cognitive skills. 
C) in stages. 
D) through reactions to stimulus.

Question 14

Finding patterns in real-life people and events:

Accepted Answer

A) is a good game for young children. 
B) is an early example of algebraic thinking. 
C) is an example of how the brain organizes experience. 
D) all of these options are correct 
A) is a good game for young children. 
B) is an early example of algebraic thinking. 
C) is an example of how the brain organizes experience. 
D) all of these options are correct

Question 15

Thinking proportionally is one example of:

Accepted Answer

A) concrete thinking. 
B) abstract thinking. 
C) psychomotor understanding. 
D) concrete and abstract thinking and psychomotor understanding. 
A) concrete thinking. 
B) abstract thinking. 
C) psychomotor understanding. 
D) concrete and abstract thinking and psychomotor understanding.

Question 16

Research shows that whole-class discussions following individual and group work improve student achievement. Explain why you think this is true.

Accepted Answer

Whole-class discussions following indivi

Question 17

Which of the following is not a theme of teaching in a constructivist manner?

Accepted Answer

A) Mathematics is viewed as invented by human beings; it is not an independent body of abstract and necessary set of rules. 
B) Mathematics learning occurs most effectively through guided discovery. 
C) Study and assessment of learners must occur through primarily procedurally based assessments. 
D) Effective teaching occurs through the creation of classroom learning environments that encourage the development of diverse and creative problem-solving processes in students. 
A) Mathematics is viewed as invented by human beings; it is not an independent body of abstract and necessary set of rules. 
B) Mathematics learning occurs most effectively through guided discovery. 
C) Study and assessment of learners must occur through primarily procedurally based assessments. 
D) Effective teaching occurs through the creation of classroom learning environments that encourage the development of diverse and creative problem-solving processes in students.

Question 18

Stimulus and response bonds are most closely associated with the theory of behaviorism of:

Accepted Answer

A) Jean Piaget. 
B) Jerome Bruner. 
C) Edward Thorndike. 
D) Howard Gardner. 
A) Jean Piaget. 
B) Jerome Bruner. 
C) Edward Thorndike. 
D) Howard Gardner.

Question 19

Cognitive theories of learning:

Accepted Answer

A) are very similar to behaviorist theories of learning. 
B) emphasize thinking and reasoning in creation of meaning. 
C) apply to all human activities. 
D) reflect experiments done by Pavlov with animals. 
A) are very similar to behaviorist theories of learning. 
B) emphasize thinking and reasoning in creation of meaning. 
C) apply to all human activities. 
D) reflect experiments done by Pavlov with animals.

Question 20

A cognitive theory known as information processing uses all the following metaphors for learning except :

Accepted Answer

A) instinctual behavior is similar to preprogrammed read-only memory in a computer. 
B) random access memory is similar to short-term memory. 
C) learning becomes permanent when new ideas are transferred from long-term memory to short-term memory, similar to the process in a computer. 
D) information stored in a computer's memory is available based on the needs and choices of the computer user, similar to the process that a person's brain performs. 
A) instinctual behavior is similar to preprogrammed read-only memory in a computer. 
B) random access memory is similar to short-term memory. 
C) learning becomes permanent when new ideas are transferred from long-term memory to short-term memory, similar to the process in a computer. 
D) information stored in a computer's memory is available based on the needs and choices of the computer user, similar to the process that a person's brain performs.

The concrete operational stage is one of the developmental stages described by:

Contrast behaviorist and cognitivist theories of learning.

Recommendations based on research for improving student achievement in mathematics include all of the following except :

Chip trading, unifix cubes, place ten blocks, and bean sticks are "multiple embodiments" associated with the ideas of:

Seeing learning as a continual process of assimilation and accommodation was advocated by:

Contrast procedural learning with attaining conceptual knowledge.

The enactive, ikonic, and symbolic levels of representation are associated with:

The following are ideas or theorists associated with behaviorism except for :

Which of the following statements is true regarding procedural and conceptual learning?

LeFrancois concludes that the information processing model of human learning:

Teachers can keep current about research in mathematics through:

Explain why drawing conclusions based on a single research study is inherently incorrect.

Behaviorist theories emphasize learning:

Finding patterns in real-life people and events:

Thinking proportionally is one example of:

Research shows that whole-class discussions following individual and group work improve student achievement. Explain why you think this is true.

Which of the following is not a theme of teaching in a constructivist manner?

Stimulus and response bonds are most closely associated with the theory of behaviorism of:

Cognitive theories of learning:

A cognitive theory known as information processing uses all the following metaphors for learning except :

Elementary Mathematics for the 21st Century

Defining a Comprehensive Mathematics Program

Mathematics for Every Child

Organizing Effective Instruction

Integrating Assessment

Developing Problem-Solving Strategies

Developing Concepts of Number

Extending Number Concepts and Number Systems

Developing Number Operations With Whole Numbers

Extending Computational Fluency With Larger Numbers

Developing Understanding of Common and Decimal Fractions

Extending Understanding of Common and Decimal Fractions

Developing Aspects of Proportional Reasoning: Ratio, Proportion, and Percent

Thinking Algebraically

Developing and Extending Geometric Concepts and Systems

Developing and Extending Measurement Concepts

Understanding and Representing Concepts of Data

Investigating Probability

Filters

Exam 4: Learning Mathematics

The concrete operational stage is one of the developmental stages described by:

Contrast behaviorist and cognitivist theories of learning.

Recommendations based on research for improving student achievement in mathematics include all of the following except :

Chip trading, unifix cubes, place ten blocks, and bean sticks are "multiple embodiments" associated with the ideas of:

Seeing learning as a continual process of assimilation and accommodation was advocated by:

Contrast procedural learning with attaining conceptual knowledge.

The enactive, ikonic, and symbolic levels of representation are associated with:

The following are ideas or theorists associated with behaviorism except for :

Which of the following statements is true regarding procedural and conceptual learning?

LeFrancois concludes that the information processing model of human learning:

Teachers can keep current about research in mathematics through:

Explain why drawing conclusions based on a single research study is inherently incorrect.

Behaviorist theories emphasize learning: ​

Finding patterns in real-life people and events:

Thinking proportionally is one example of:

Research shows that whole-class discussions following individual and group work improve student achievement. Explain why you think this is true.

Which of the following is not a theme of teaching in a constructivist manner?

Stimulus and response bonds are most closely associated with the theory of behaviorism of:

Cognitive theories of learning:

A cognitive theory known as information processing uses all the following metaphors for learning except :

Elementary Mathematics for the 21st Century

Defining a Comprehensive Mathematics Program

Mathematics for Every Child

Organizing Effective Instruction

Integrating Assessment

Developing Problem-Solving Strategies

Developing Concepts of Number

Extending Number Concepts and Number Systems

Developing Number Operations With Whole Numbers

Extending Computational Fluency With Larger Numbers

Developing Understanding of Common and Decimal Fractions

Extending Understanding of Common and Decimal Fractions

Developing Aspects of Proportional Reasoning: Ratio, Proportion, and Percent

Thinking Algebraically

Developing and Extending Geometric Concepts and Systems

Developing and Extending Measurement Concepts

Understanding and Representing Concepts of Data

Investigating Probability

Filters

Behaviorist theories emphasize learning: