Question 1

______________ refers to anything that may affect the demonstration of the functional relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Accepted Answer

A) Intrinsic variables 
B) Extraneous variables 
C) Compound variables 
D) Intervening variables 
A) Intrinsic variables 
B) Extraneous variables 
C) Compound variables 
D) Intervening variables B

Question 2

An individual being observed and altering his or her behavior as a response to being observed is known as ______________.

Accepted Answer

A) consciousness 
B) presence 
C) reactivity 
D) observer drift 
A) consciousness 
B) presence 
C) reactivity 
D) observer drift C

Question 3

How do reactivity and observer drift differ? How are they similar?

Accepted Answer

Suggested answer points:Reactivity refers to the individual being observed (the subject as a rule)altering his or her performance of the target behavior in response to the observations.Observer drift refers to the data recorder changing his or her interpretation of the target behavior and "drifting" from the original recording procedure.Both instances diminish the reliability and therefore validity as well. In reactivity, the data may be recorded accurately but perhaps not with confidence that the present levels of performance are reliable. In observer drift, the individual's emission of the target behavior may be unchanged, but the recorder has begun recording its occurrence (or duration, latency, etc.)differently.

Question 4

What term is used when a subject becomes unavailable during the course of a study?

Accepted Answer

A) treatment drift 
B) cancellation 
C) attenuation 
D) attrition 
A) treatment drift 
B) cancellation 
C) attenuation 
D) attrition

Question 5

Assume a researcher uses positive reinforcement via praise in an initial intervention phase, followed by positive reinforcement via tokens and praise, and response cost for inappropriate behaviors. The target behavior increases slightly during the praise only reinforcement phase but then improves much more so during the praise, tokens, and response cost phase. Explain whether this circumstance best represents a threat to reliability or validity.

Accepted Answer

Suggested answer points:The circumstance

Question 6

Verification is:

Accepted Answer

A) the confirmation that the dependent variable is changing in a predictable direction as the independent variable is systematically applied. 
B) the repetition of the observed predictions within the same study. 
C) the idea that if there is no effect attributable to the independent variable, the dependent variable's data path will remain unchanged. 
D) a way to predict a change in the desired direction in a data path as a result of the implementation of a dependent variable. 
A) the confirmation that the dependent variable is changing in a predictable direction as the independent variable is systematically applied. 
B) the repetition of the observed predictions within the same study. 
C) the idea that if there is no effect attributable to the independent variable, the dependent variable's data path will remain unchanged. 
D) a way to predict a change in the desired direction in a data path as a result of the implementation of a dependent variable.

Question 7

Examples of guidelines offered to address philosophical and ethical issues in single subject research include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) explore alternative interventions before selecting aversives. 
B) participants should approve of the interventions before their use. 
C) determine whether the individual understands the treatment program. 
D) the planned intervention should be carefully monitored. 
A) explore alternative interventions before selecting aversives. 
B) participants should approve of the interventions before their use. 
C) determine whether the individual understands the treatment program. 
D) the planned intervention should be carefully monitored.

Question 8

The notion that if there is no effect attributable to the independent variable, then the dependent variable's data path will remain unchanged is called:

Accepted Answer

A) verification. 
B) stability. 
C) prediction. 
D) reliability. 
A) verification. 
B) stability. 
C) prediction. 
D) reliability.

Question 9

Compare and contrast social validity and empirical validity. What do these concepts have in common? How are they different?

Accepted Answer

Suggested answer points:Social validity

Question 10

Why is replication so important to a single subject research study? How many replications are needed?

Accepted Answer

Suggested answer points:Replication refe

Question 11

Single subject studies:

Accepted Answer

A) may incorporate elements of qualitative and quantitative procedures. 
B) are rigid and do not allow for the use of a variety of data collection techniques. 
C) may incorporate robust and powerful methods for influencing an individual's behavior. 
D) may incorporate elements of qualitative and quantitative procedures and may incorporate robust and powerful methods for influencing an individual's behavior. 
A) may incorporate elements of qualitative and quantitative procedures. 
B) are rigid and do not allow for the use of a variety of data collection techniques. 
C) may incorporate robust and powerful methods for influencing an individual's behavior. 
D) may incorporate elements of qualitative and quantitative procedures and may incorporate robust and powerful methods for influencing an individual's behavior.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a question Walker & Shea (1991)raise regarding ethical and humane treatment of participants in general?

Accepted Answer

A) Who shall decide who will manage behavior? 
B) What type of interventions will be used? 
C) What are the outcomes sought? 
D) What rewards are appropriate? 
A) Who shall decide who will manage behavior? 
B) What type of interventions will be used? 
C) What are the outcomes sought? 
D) What rewards are appropriate?

Question 13

Empirical validity refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) the degree to which other people think the targeted changes in behavior are important and that the methods used to encourage behavior change are acceptable. 
B) the measurements that actually demonstrate that the proposed behavioral changes will indeed positively affect the individual's life. 
C) the degree to which the researcher may have confidence that other researchers will obtain the same results if the same procedures are used 
D) varying the conditions from an earlier study but obtaining similar results. 
A) the degree to which other people think the targeted changes in behavior are important and that the methods used to encourage behavior change are acceptable. 
B) the measurements that actually demonstrate that the proposed behavioral changes will indeed positively affect the individual's life. 
C) the degree to which the researcher may have confidence that other researchers will obtain the same results if the same procedures are used 
D) varying the conditions from an earlier study but obtaining similar results.

Question 14

Outline the considerations that Walker and Shea (1991)discuss as especially critical when conducting single subject research using children as participants. Which three to five considerations are most important, and why?

Accepted Answer

Suggested answer points:Points to choose

Question 15

Treatment interference might occur when more than one ___________________ is used.

Accepted Answer

A) dependent variable 
B) independent variable 
C) extraneous variable 
D) confounding variable 
A) dependent variable 
B) independent variable 
C) extraneous variable 
D) confounding variable

Question 16

The passage of time as well as both unforeseen and foreseen events that arise is known as __________________.

Accepted Answer

A) maturation 
B) attrition 
C) development 
D) history 
A) maturation 
B) attrition 
C) development 
D) history

Question 17

When a researcher engages in the process of repeating the observed predictions and verifications within the same study, he/she is practicing what?

Accepted Answer

A) replication 
B) reinforcement 
C) reliability 
D) observation 
A) replication 
B) reinforcement 
C) reliability 
D) observation

Question 18

____________________ involves varying the conditions from an earlier study, but still obtaining similar results.

Accepted Answer

A) Systematic replication 
B) Interactive replication 
C) Intrapositive replication 
D) Direct replication 
A) Systematic replication 
B) Interactive replication 
C) Intrapositive replication 
D) Direct replication

Question 19

The threat to reliability known as observer drift refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) the individual being observed altering his or her behavior as a response to being observed. 
B) the degree to which the researcher has adequately controlled extraneous variables. 
C) a researcher using his/her own personal judgment regarding the performance of a participant in a study. 
D) the passage of time and both foreseen and unforeseen events that arise. 
A) the individual being observed altering his or her behavior as a response to being observed. 
B) the degree to which the researcher has adequately controlled extraneous variables. 
C) a researcher using his/her own personal judgment regarding the performance of a participant in a study. 
D) the passage of time and both foreseen and unforeseen events that arise.

Question 20

_____________ is important to establishing the believability of a functional relationship which, therefore, establishes confidence in the results that are obtained.

Accepted Answer

A) External validity 
B) Interobserver reliability 
C) Internal validity 
D) Existential reliability 
A) External validity 
B) Interobserver reliability 
C) Internal validity 
D) Existential reliability

______________ refers to anything that may affect the demonstration of the functional relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

An individual being observed and altering his or her behavior as a response to being observed is known as ______________.

How do reactivity and observer drift differ? How are they similar?

What term is used when a subject becomes unavailable during the course of a study?

Verification is:

Examples of guidelines offered to address philosophical and ethical issues in single subject research include all of the following EXCEPT:

The notion that if there is no effect attributable to the independent variable, then the dependent variable's data path will remain unchanged is called:

Compare and contrast social validity and empirical validity. What do these concepts have in common? How are they different?

Why is replication so important to a single subject research study? How many replications are needed?

Single subject studies:

Which of the following is NOT a question Walker & Shea (1991)raise regarding ethical and humane treatment of participants in general?

Empirical validity refers to:

Outline the considerations that Walker and Shea (1991)discuss as especially critical when conducting single subject research using children as participants. Which three to five considerations are most important, and why?

Treatment interference might occur when more than one ___________________ is used.

The passage of time as well as both unforeseen and foreseen events that arise is known as __________________.

When a researcher engages in the process of repeating the observed predictions and verifications within the same study, he/she is practicing what?

____________________ involves varying the conditions from an earlier study, but still obtaining similar results.

The threat to reliability known as observer drift refers to:

_____________ is important to establishing the believability of a functional relationship which, therefore, establishes confidence in the results that are obtained.

Historical Perspectives and Important Concepts in Single Subject Research

Methods for Changing Target Behaviors

Methods for Recording Behaviors

Action Research

Withdrawal Designs

Changing Conditions and Changing Criterion Designs

Multiple Baseline Designs

Alternating Treatments Designs

Methods for Analyzing Data

Filters

Exam 4: Issues in Single Subject Research

______________ refers to anything that may affect the demonstration of the functional relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

An individual being observed and altering his or her behavior as a response to being observed is known as ______________.

How do reactivity and observer drift differ? How are they similar?

What term is used when a subject becomes unavailable during the course of a study?

Verification is:

Examples of guidelines offered to address philosophical and ethical issues in single subject research include all of the following EXCEPT:

The notion that if there is no effect attributable to the independent variable, then the dependent variable's data path will remain unchanged is called:

Compare and contrast social validity and empirical validity. What do these concepts have in common? How are they different?

Why is replication so important to a single subject research study? How many replications are needed?

Single subject studies:

Which of the following is NOT a question Walker & Shea (1991)raise regarding ethical and humane treatment of participants in general?

Empirical validity refers to:

Outline the considerations that Walker and Shea (1991)discuss as especially critical when conducting single subject research using children as participants. Which three to five considerations are most important, and why?

Treatment interference might occur when more than one ___________________ is used.

The passage of time as well as both unforeseen and foreseen events that arise is known as __________________.

When a researcher engages in the process of repeating the observed predictions and verifications within the same study, he/she is practicing what?

____________________ involves varying the conditions from an earlier study, but still obtaining similar results.

The threat to reliability known as observer drift refers to:

_____________ is important to establishing the believability of a functional relationship which, therefore, establishes confidence in the results that are obtained.

Historical Perspectives and Important Concepts in Single Subject Research

Methods for Changing Target Behaviors

Methods for Recording Behaviors

Action Research

Withdrawal Designs

Changing Conditions and Changing Criterion Designs

Multiple Baseline Designs

Alternating Treatments Designs

Methods for Analyzing Data

Filters