Question 1

Triadic segregation refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  tendency for triads to develop into a pair and an isolate. 
B)  likelihood of dyads to be stable. 
C)  emergence of coalitions. 
D)  predisposition for primary groups to be small. 
A)  tendency for triads to develop into a pair and an isolate. 
B)  likelihood of dyads to be stable. 
C)  emergence of coalitions. 
D)  predisposition for primary groups to be small. A

Question 2

Define in-groups and out-groups; explain attribution theory as it applies to in-groups and out-groups. List and describe two of the types of attribution error presented in the text.

Accepted Answer

In-groups and out-groups are social categories that individuals use to categorize themselves and others. In-groups are the groups to which an individual belongs and with which they identify, while out-groups are those to which they do not belong. In-groups are often associated with positive attributes, such as trustworthiness and competence, while out-groups are often associated with negative attributes, such as untrustworthiness and incompetence.

Attribution theory is a psychological theory that seeks to explain how individuals interpret and understand the behavior of others. When it comes to in-groups and out-groups, attribution theory suggests that individuals are more likely to attribute the behavior of in-group members to internal factors, such as personality or ability, while attributing the behavior of out-group members to external factors, such as situational circumstances. This can lead to biased perceptions and judgments of others based on their group membership.

Two types of attribution error presented in the text are the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias. The fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals overemphasize the role of internal factors and underestimate the role of external factors when explaining the behavior of others. This can lead to negative perceptions of out-group members, as their behavior is often attributed to internal factors. The self-serving bias, on the other hand, occurs when individuals attribute their own successes to internal factors, such as ability or effort, while attributing their failures to external factors, such as bad luck or situational circumstances. This bias can lead to positive perceptions of in-group members, as their successes are attributed to internal factors.

Question 3

Define organizational ritualism. Give an example of a recent event that resulted from organizational ritualism.

Accepted Answer

Organizational ritualism refers to the excessive focus on following rules, procedures, and traditions within an organization, often at the expense of achieving the organization's goals or adapting to changing circumstances. This can lead to a rigid and inflexible work environment where employees are more concerned with adhering to established protocols than with being innovative or efficient.

An example of a recent event that resulted from organizational ritualism is when a company insisted on following a lengthy and bureaucratic approval process for a new product launch, despite the rapidly changing market conditions. As a result, the product was delayed and missed the window of opportunity, leading to a significant loss in potential revenue and market share. This occurred because the organization prioritized adherence to its established procedures over the need to adapt quickly to the evolving market demands.

Question 4

According to Weber, the _____ bureaucracy is characterized by a high degree of division of labor and a hierarchy of authority.

Accepted Answer

A)  primary 
B)  principle 
C)  ideal type 
D)  model 
A)  primary 
B)  principle 
C)  ideal type 
D)  model

Question 5

Thomas Pettigrew's summary of research on attribution theory found that

Accepted Answer

A)  individuals are accurate in their perception of the motives of other people's acts, regardless of their in-group or out-group membership. 
B)  attribution error is much less common than people think. 
C)  individuals commonly distort the motives and acts of people whom they see as out-group members. 
D)  when provided with information about out-groups that disproves negative perceptions of them, people quickly alter their perceptions. 
A)  individuals are accurate in their perception of the motives of other people's acts, regardless of their in-group or out-group membership. 
B)  attribution error is much less common than people think. 
C)  individuals commonly distort the motives and acts of people whom they see as out-group members. 
D)  when provided with information about out-groups that disproves negative perceptions of them, people quickly alter their perceptions.

Question 6

Identification with a reference group rarely has an impact on one's self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Explain how the functionalist and conflict perspectives view formal organizations. Offer an example for each, including descriptions of the key elements of these approaches.

Accepted Answer

The functionalist perspective views form

Question 8

Explain how the treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib relates to the conclusions of Milgram's experiment.

Accepted Answer

The treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib

Question 9

In their research on groups, sociologists have found that

Accepted Answer

A)  primary groups shape self-identity and serve expressive needs. 
B)  primary groups often take on the characteristics of secondary groups. 
C)  secondary groups are more important in today's fast-paced, mobile society. 
D)  secondary groups tend to be most significant in the emotional lives of people. 
A)  primary groups shape self-identity and serve expressive needs. 
B)  primary groups often take on the characteristics of secondary groups. 
C)  secondary groups are more important in today's fast-paced, mobile society. 
D)  secondary groups tend to be most significant in the emotional lives of people.

Question 10

Describe a study of formal organizations in which the researcher would use a macroanalysis approach. How would this differ from a study using a microanalysis approach?

Accepted Answer

A study of formal organizations using a

Question 11

Secondary groups inevitably become intimate over time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

When Sondra has a particularly horrible week at school and work, she calls her aunt, who helped raise her. Sondra knows that her aunt will patiently listen and then help Sondra put things in perspective and get on with her life. This is consistent with the observation that

Accepted Answer

A)  primary groups help fulfill expressive needs. 
B)  secondary groups are sources of support. 
C)  only those we know from our earliest years are part of primary groups. 
D)  primary groups are helpful only when we ask for help. 
A)  primary groups help fulfill expressive needs. 
B)  secondary groups are sources of support. 
C)  only those we know from our earliest years are part of primary groups. 
D)  primary groups are helpful only when we ask for help.

Question 13

The tragic cases of the Challengerin 1986 and the Columbiain 2003 are used to illustrate the point that

Accepted Answer

A)  people need to be more responsible in their jobs. 
B)  the informal network does not always have a positive effect. 
C)  rigid conformity within an organization can be very dangerous. 
D)  failure to follow the chain of command may end in tragedy. 
A)  people need to be more responsible in their jobs. 
B)  the informal network does not always have a positive effect. 
C)  rigid conformity within an organization can be very dangerous. 
D)  failure to follow the chain of command may end in tragedy.

Question 14

In a study of the role of small voluntary groups in society, Robert Wuthnow and his associates found that

Accepted Answer

A)  voluntary groups are not able to fill the void left by the breakdown of community and family. 
B)  voluntary interest groups have lost their importance within U.S. society. 
C)  people seek small voluntary groups for a sense of community and a spiritual connection. 
D)  voluntary group membership has been declining in the United States. 
A)  voluntary groups are not able to fill the void left by the breakdown of community and family. 
B)  voluntary interest groups have lost their importance within U.S. society. 
C)  people seek small voluntary groups for a sense of community and a spiritual connection. 
D)  voluntary group membership has been declining in the United States.

Question 15

What are the effects of social class and race on people's roles within an organization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Race and social class do not have any consistent effect on people's roles within an organization. 
B)  People of upper- and middle-class backgrounds are more likely to be promoted to executive positions than someone with a lower-class background, even if they are of the same race. 
C)  When members of minority groups have the same level of education as their White peers, there is no difference in the rates of promotion. 
D)  When people with a lower social class background have the same level of education as their peers, they are just as likely to be promoted. 
A)  Race and social class do not have any consistent effect on people's roles within an organization. 
B)  People of upper- and middle-class backgrounds are more likely to be promoted to executive positions than someone with a lower-class background, even if they are of the same race. 
C)  When members of minority groups have the same level of education as their White peers, there is no difference in the rates of promotion. 
D)  When people with a lower social class background have the same level of education as their peers, they are just as likely to be promoted.

Question 16

Explain how your college or university fits the definition of a bureaucracy, citing specific examples of how each criterion is satisfied.

Accepted Answer

My college fits the definition of a bure

Question 17

Discuss how McDonaldization has come to dominate American lifestyles beyond the fast-food industry.

Accepted Answer

McDonaldization, a term coined by sociol

Question 18

The primary reason that people join normative organizations is

Accepted Answer

A)  to pursue goals they believe are worthwhile. 
B)  to increase their financial status. 
C)  because of coercive pressure. 
D)  to increase the size of their social networks. 
A)  to pursue goals they believe are worthwhile. 
B)  to increase their financial status. 
C)  because of coercive pressure. 
D)  to increase the size of their social networks.

Question 19

Which of these statements about occupations and networks is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Compared with Whites, Latinos and Blacks are more likely to be harmed by a lack of social contacts. 
B)  The "old boy network" has virtually disappeared. 
C)  When a member of your social network helps you find a job, that person probably is similar to you in terms of race and class. 
D)  Black leaders have formed a network closer than that of White leaders. 
A)  Compared with Whites, Latinos and Blacks are more likely to be harmed by a lack of social contacts. 
B)  The "old boy network" has virtually disappeared. 
C)  When a member of your social network helps you find a job, that person probably is similar to you in terms of race and class. 
D)  Black leaders have formed a network closer than that of White leaders.

Question 20

By definition, reference groups are groups to which one belongs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Triadic segregation refers to the

Define in-groups and out-groups; explain attribution theory as it applies to in-groups and out-groups. List and describe two of the types of attribution error presented in the text.

Define organizational ritualism. Give an example of a recent event that resulted from organizational ritualism.

According to Weber, the _____ bureaucracy is characterized by a high degree of division of labor and a hierarchy of authority.

Thomas Pettigrew's summary of research on attribution theory found that

Identification with a reference group rarely has an impact on one's self-esteem.

Explain how the functionalist and conflict perspectives view formal organizations. Offer an example for each, including descriptions of the key elements of these approaches.

Explain how the treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib relates to the conclusions of Milgram's experiment.

In their research on groups, sociologists have found that

Describe a study of formal organizations in which the researcher would use a macroanalysis approach. How would this differ from a study using a microanalysis approach?

Secondary groups inevitably become intimate over time.

When Sondra has a particularly horrible week at school and work, she calls her aunt, who helped raise her. Sondra knows that her aunt will patiently listen and then help Sondra put things in perspective and get on with her life. This is consistent with the observation that

The tragic cases of the Challengerin 1986 and the Columbiain 2003 are used to illustrate the point that

In a study of the role of small voluntary groups in society, Robert Wuthnow and his associates found that

What are the effects of social class and race on people's roles within an organization?

Explain how your college or university fits the definition of a bureaucracy, citing specific examples of how each criterion is satisfied.

Discuss how McDonaldization has come to dominate American lifestyles beyond the fast-food industry.

The primary reason that people join normative organizations is

Which of these statements about occupations and networks is false?

By definition, reference groups are groups to which one belongs.

Sociological Perspective

Culture

Doing Sociological Research

Socialization and the Life Course

Social Structure and Social Interaction

Deviance and Crime

Social Class and Social Stratification

Global Stratification

Race and Ethnicity

Gender

Sexuality

Families and Religion

Education and Health Care

Economy and Politics

Environment, Population and Social Change

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Exam 6: Groups and Organization

Triadic segregation refers to the

Define in-groups and out-groups; explain attribution theory as it applies to in-groups and out-groups. List and describe two of the types of attribution error presented in the text.

Define organizational ritualism. Give an example of a recent event that resulted from organizational ritualism.

According to Weber, the _____ bureaucracy is characterized by a high degree of division of labor and a hierarchy of authority.

Thomas Pettigrew's summary of research on attribution theory found that

Identification with a reference group rarely has an impact on one's self-esteem.

Explain how the functionalist and conflict perspectives view formal organizations. Offer an example for each, including descriptions of the key elements of these approaches.

Explain how the treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib relates to the conclusions of Milgram's experiment.

In their research on groups, sociologists have found that

Describe a study of formal organizations in which the researcher would use a macroanalysis approach. How would this differ from a study using a microanalysis approach?

Secondary groups inevitably become intimate over time.

When Sondra has a particularly horrible week at school and work, she calls her aunt, who helped raise her. Sondra knows that her aunt will patiently listen and then help Sondra put things in perspective and get on with her life. This is consistent with the observation that

The tragic cases of the Challengerin 1986 and the Columbiain 2003 are used to illustrate the point that

In a study of the role of small voluntary groups in society, Robert Wuthnow and his associates found that

What are the effects of social class and race on people's roles within an organization?

Explain how your college or university fits the definition of a bureaucracy, citing specific examples of how each criterion is satisfied.

Discuss how McDonaldization has come to dominate American lifestyles beyond the fast-food industry.

The primary reason that people join normative organizations is

Which of these statements about occupations and networks is false?

By definition, reference groups are groups to which one belongs.

Sociological Perspective

Culture

Doing Sociological Research

Socialization and the Life Course

Social Structure and Social Interaction

Deviance and Crime

Social Class and Social Stratification

Global Stratification

Race and Ethnicity

Gender

Sexuality

Families and Religion

Education and Health Care

Economy and Politics

Environment, Population and Social Change

Filters