Question 1

Critics of Burckhardt's thesis point to all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  the legal and scholastic studies that flourished in Italian universities before 1300. 
B)  the "Twelfth-Century Awakening." 
C)  the revival of classical learning during the High Middle Ages. 
D)  the absence of links between medieval and Renaissance culture. 
E)  the medieval heritage of town life and trade. 
A)  the legal and scholastic studies that flourished in Italian universities before 1300. 
B)  the "Twelfth-Century Awakening." 
C)  the revival of classical learning during the High Middle Ages. 
D)  the absence of links between medieval and Renaissance culture. 
E)  the medieval heritage of town life and trade.

Question 2

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. 
 What is the meaning of the term individualism in the Renaissance context? How was the individualism of the Renaissance incompatible with the medieval worldview?

Accepted Answer

The term individualism in the Renaissanc

Question 3

As the Renaissance spread outwards from Italy, it differed in all of the following ways EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  it adapted to political systems run by powerful monarchs. 
B)  it was altered by the impact of lay piety. 
C)  it was aided by the invention of moveable type. 
D)  it was fostered by growing prosperity and the spread of lay education. 
E)  it was not court centered. 
A)  it adapted to political systems run by powerful monarchs. 
B)  it was altered by the impact of lay piety. 
C)  it was aided by the invention of moveable type. 
D)  it was fostered by growing prosperity and the spread of lay education. 
E)  it was not court centered.

Question 4

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. 
 How was the Italian city-state of the Late Middle Ages fundamentally different from other European states?

Accepted Answer

The Italian city-state of the Late Middl

Question 5

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. 
 The Renaissance is said to mark the birth of the modern age. Do you agree or disagree with that statement, and why?

Accepted Answer

The Renaissance is often considered to m

Question 6

Renaissance humanists' rejection of the Augustinian worldview usually involved a/an

Accepted Answer

A)  rejection of the notion of Christ as the savior-god in favor of the view that Jesus was a great man, nothing more. 
B)  adoption of Tacitus' interpretation of the Pax Romana. 
C)  revival of the ancient Greek ideal of arête, human excellence. 
D)  denial of the compatibility of Greek philosophy and Christianity. 
E)  rejection of all the Church Fathers. 
A)  rejection of the notion of Christ as the savior-god in favor of the view that Jesus was a great man, nothing more. 
B)  adoption of Tacitus' interpretation of the Pax Romana. 
C)  revival of the ancient Greek ideal of arête, human excellence. 
D)  denial of the compatibility of Greek philosophy and Christianity. 
E)  rejection of all the Church Fathers.

Question 7

Which of the following accurately describes changes in Western civilization between 1400 and 1800?

Accepted Answer

A)  Capitalism replaced medieval economies in all countries. 
B)  Centralized governments created new laws to strengthen feudalism. 
C)  Middle-class townspeople were increasingly taking the lead in economic and cultural life. 
D)  Revelation asserted its independence over reason. 
E)  Religious fragmentation was finally eradicated during the Reformation . 
A)  Capitalism replaced medieval economies in all countries. 
B)  Centralized governments created new laws to strengthen feudalism. 
C)  Middle-class townspeople were increasingly taking the lead in economic and cultural life. 
D)  Revelation asserted its independence over reason. 
E)  Religious fragmentation was finally eradicated during the Reformation .

Question 8

The most common form of republican government in northern Italy included a chief magistrate

Accepted Answer

A)  who was elected using a broad franchise. 
B)  whose term of office was ordinarily restricted to six months. 
C)  whose powers were restricted by a constitution. 
D)  who ruled with the advice of a large public council and a small secret council. 
E)  all of the above 
A)  who was elected using a broad franchise. 
B)  whose term of office was ordinarily restricted to six months. 
C)  whose powers were restricted by a constitution. 
D)  who ruled with the advice of a large public council and a small secret council. 
E)  all of the above

Question 9

Which of the following CANNOT be associated with Erasmus?

Accepted Answer

A)  biting wit, criticism of scholasticism, and clerical corruption 
B)  education by the Brethren of the Common Life 
C)  a simpler Christianity based on the Bible 
D)  the belief that religion is not opposed to nature 
E)  full support for the Reformation 
A)  biting wit, criticism of scholasticism, and clerical corruption 
B)  education by the Brethren of the Common Life 
C)  a simpler Christianity based on the Bible 
D)  the belief that religion is not opposed to nature 
E)  full support for the Reformation

Question 10

The condottieri were

Accepted Answer

A)  guides for long distance trade. 
B)  early police units of the city-states. 
C)  leaders of mercenary troops. 
D)  textile merchants. 
E)  military forces serving the papacy. 
A)  guides for long distance trade. 
B)  early police units of the city-states. 
C)  leaders of mercenary troops. 
D)  textile merchants. 
E)  military forces serving the papacy.

Question 11

The emphasis on the past in Renaissance Italy

Accepted Answer

A)  ​indicated the humanists' belief that the ancients had the same worldly concerns as they did. 
B)  ​meant that humanists identified completely with antiquity. 
C)  ​signaled support for the clerical learning of the medieval period. 
D)  ​was undertaken for philosophical purposes only, rather than answering practical questions. 
E)  all of the above 
A)  ​indicated the humanists' belief that the ancients had the same worldly concerns as they did. 
B)  ​meant that humanists identified completely with antiquity. 
C)  ​signaled support for the clerical learning of the medieval period. 
D)  ​was undertaken for philosophical purposes only, rather than answering practical questions. 
E)  all of the above

Question 12

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. 
 In what ways did the Renaissance represent each of the following: a period of rebirth, a period of transition, and a sharp break with the past?

Accepted Answer

The Renaissance was a period of rebirth

Question 13

In which of the following states did the church exercise a monopoly over humanist learning and exploit it for its own purposes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Germany 
B)  France 
C)  Spain 
D)  Italy 
E)  England 
A)  Germany 
B)  France 
C)  Spain 
D)  Italy 
E)  England

Question 14

Despotic rule replaced republican governments in the Italian city-state for which of the following reasons?

Accepted Answer

A)  Class warfare between rich merchants and aristocrats led each side to seek one-man rule. 
B)  Republican governments were short-term and unable to handle famines, plagues, and economic disasters. 
C)  City-states came to rely on mercenary armies in their wars with fellow city-states. 
D)  Mercenary leaders were willing to seize power. 
E)  all of the above ​ 
A)  Class warfare between rich merchants and aristocrats led each side to seek one-man rule. 
B)  Republican governments were short-term and unable to handle famines, plagues, and economic disasters. 
C)  City-states came to rely on mercenary armies in their wars with fellow city-states. 
D)  Mercenary leaders were willing to seize power. 
E)  all of the above ​

Question 15

In The City of Ladies , Christine de Pizan argued that

Accepted Answer

A)  the Virgin Mary rehabilitated the nature of all women and, therefore, women are now in all respects equal to men. 
B)  "the perfection of conduct and virtues" is more important than gender; thus, men and women do not differ in their social roles. 
C)  just as Augustine's City of God would outlast "the City of Man", so the City of Ladies will surpass male accomplishments. 
D)  in the environment of the Renaissance women are the de facto rulers of the more advanced societies. 
E)  "the perfection of conduct and virtues" is more important than gender; nevertheless, men and women still have distinctly different roles in society. 
A)  the Virgin Mary rehabilitated the nature of all women and, therefore, women are now in all respects equal to men. 
B)  "the perfection of conduct and virtues" is more important than gender; thus, men and women do not differ in their social roles. 
C)  just as Augustine's City of God would outlast "the City of Man", so the City of Ladies will surpass male accomplishments. 
D)  in the environment of the Renaissance women are the de facto rulers of the more advanced societies. 
E)  "the perfection of conduct and virtues" is more important than gender; nevertheless, men and women still have distinctly different roles in society.

Question 16

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. 
 What aspects of Italian society fostered the development of the Renaissance?

Accepted Answer

The development of the Renaissance in It

Question 17

Which of the following was the most common reason the city-states of northern Italy used to justify their resistance to papal interference?

Accepted Answer

A)  Their primary loyalty was to the Holy Roman Emperor. 
B)  The Papacy had lost its legitimacy because if its move to Avignon and the Great Schism. 
C)  Christ denied all political jurisdiction to the clergy. 
D)  The pope condemned many essential business practices, such as charging interest on loans, as un-Christian. 
E)  They still recognized the authority of emperor in Constantinople. 
A)  Their primary loyalty was to the Holy Roman Emperor. 
B)  The Papacy had lost its legitimacy because if its move to Avignon and the Great Schism. 
C)  Christ denied all political jurisdiction to the clergy. 
D)  The pope condemned many essential business practices, such as charging interest on loans, as un-Christian. 
E)  They still recognized the authority of emperor in Constantinople.

Question 18

Which of the following was the most common argument the city-states of northern Italy used to justify their de facto independence from the Holy Roman Empire?

Accepted Answer

A)  As Italians, they should not be ruled by Germans. 
B)  Customary feudal subjection should be adjusted to fit a changing reality. 
C)  They were still loyal to the descendent of Charlemagne and believed that the Emperors of the fourteenth century were usurpers. 
D)  Their preference was to be dominated by the pope. 
E)  none of the above 
A)  As Italians, they should not be ruled by Germans. 
B)  Customary feudal subjection should be adjusted to fit a changing reality. 
C)  They were still loyal to the descendent of Charlemagne and believed that the Emperors of the fourteenth century were usurpers. 
D)  Their preference was to be dominated by the pope. 
E)  none of the above

Question 19

Key Terms 
 Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? 
 oligarchies

Accepted Answer

Who: Oligarchies are typically led by a

Question 20

That the Peace of Lodi lasted for forty years may be credited to

Accepted Answer

A)  raison d'état . 
B)  leadership of the condottieri . 
C)  effective diplomacy. 
D)  the peace initiatives of the French. 
E)  the leadership of the pope. 
A)  raison d'état . 
B)  leadership of the condottieri . 
C)  effective diplomacy. 
D)  the peace initiatives of the French. 
E)  the leadership of the pope.

Exam 13: The Renaissance Transition to the Modern Age

Critics of Burckhardt's thesis point to all of the following EXCEPT

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. What is the meaning of the term individualism in the Renaissance context? How was the individualism of the Renaissance incompatible with the medieval worldview?

As the Renaissance spread outwards from Italy, it differed in all of the following ways EXCEPT

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. How was the Italian city-state of the Late Middle Ages fundamentally different from other European states?

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. The Renaissance is said to mark the birth of the modern age. Do you agree or disagree with that statement, and why?

Renaissance humanists' rejection of the Augustinian worldview usually involved a/an

Which of the following accurately describes changes in Western civilization between 1400 and 1800?

The most common form of republican government in northern Italy included a chief magistrate

Which of the following CANNOT be associated with Erasmus?

The condottieri were

The emphasis on the past in Renaissance Italy

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. In what ways did the Renaissance represent each of the following: a period of rebirth, a period of transition, and a sharp break with the past?

In which of the following states did the church exercise a monopoly over humanist learning and exploit it for its own purposes?

Despotic rule replaced republican governments in the Italian city-state for which of the following reasons?

In The City of Ladies , Christine de Pizan argued that

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. What aspects of Italian society fostered the development of the Renaissance?

Which of the following was the most common reason the city-states of northern Italy used to justify their resistance to papal interference?

Which of the following was the most common argument the city-states of northern Italy used to justify their de facto independence from the Holy Roman Empire?

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? oligarchies

That the Peace of Lodi lasted for forty years may be credited to

The Reformation the Shattering of Christian Unity

European Expansion Economic and Social Transformations

The Rise of Sovereignty Transition to the Modern State

The Scientific Revolution the Universe Seen As a Mechanism

The Age of Enlightenment Reason and Reform

The French Revolution the Affirmation of Liberty and Equality

The Industrial Revolution the Great Transformation

Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century

Revolution and Counterrevolution 1815-1848

Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Realism and Social Criticism

The Surge of Nationalism From Liberal to Extreme Nationalism

The Industrial West Responses to Modernization

Imperialism Western Global Dominance

Modern Consciousness New Views of Nature Human Nature and the Arts

World War I the West in Despair

An Era of Totalitarianism

Thought and Culture in an Era of World Wars and Totalitarianism

World War Ii Western Civilization in the Balance

Europe After World War Ii Recovery and Realignment 1945-1989

The Troubled Present

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