Question 1

Which of the following statements was true concerning freedom of expression during the seventeenth century?

Accepted Answer

A)  Even in the Netherlands, those who opposed the Calvinist clergy could be detained without a time limit for release. 
B)  The publishing industry was still strictly controlled toward the end of the eighteenth century. 
C)  The liberality professed at Oxford University offered students the chance to express heretical ideas. 
D)  Those who professed Enlightenment principles hoped for more social freedom but were unwilling to attack political institutions in print. 
E)  Freedom of expression was practiced only in English-speaking countries. 
A)  Even in the Netherlands, those who opposed the Calvinist clergy could be detained without a time limit for release. 
B)  The publishing industry was still strictly controlled toward the end of the eighteenth century. 
C)  The liberality professed at Oxford University offered students the chance to express heretical ideas. 
D)  Those who professed Enlightenment principles hoped for more social freedom but were unwilling to attack political institutions in print. 
E)  Freedom of expression was practiced only in English-speaking countries. A

Question 2

The first tract advocating the decriminalization of homosexuality was written by

Accepted Answer

A)  Rousseau. 
B)  Bentham. 
C)  Beccaria. 
D)  Voltaire. 
E)  Diderot. 
A)  Rousseau. 
B)  Bentham. 
C)  Beccaria. 
D)  Voltaire. 
E)  Diderot. B

Question 3

Key Terms 
 Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? 
 general will

Accepted Answer

The general will refers to the collective will of the people in a society, as opposed to the individual will of each person. It is a concept often associated with political philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued that the general will represents the common good and the best interests of the entire community.

Who: The general will represents the will of the entire community or society.
What: It is the collective will of the people, as opposed to individual wills.
Where: The general will is present in any society or community where people come together to make decisions.
When: The concept of the general will is relevant whenever decisions are being made that affect the community as a whole.
Why Important: Understanding and considering the general will is important for creating a just and fair society, as it represents the common good and the best interests of the entire community rather than just a few individuals. It also helps to promote unity and cooperation among members of a society.

Question 4

Criticism of slavery first appeared in early modern Europe among the

Accepted Answer

A)  Franciscans. 
B)  Jesuits. 
C)  Lutherans. 
D)  Quakers. 
E)  philosophes. 
A)  Franciscans. 
B)  Jesuits. 
C)  Lutherans. 
D)  Quakers. 
E)  philosophes.

Question 5

All of the following characterized civil society and the public sphere in Enlightenment Europe EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  mixing of aristocrats with other social classes. 
B)  restriction to a few major cities. 
C)  membership based on common interests and curiosity rather than religion, kin, or occupational affiliation. 
D)  most of the members had some surplus wealth. 
E)  informal training in self-governance, self-education, and social criticism. 
A)  mixing of aristocrats with other social classes. 
B)  restriction to a few major cities. 
C)  membership based on common interests and curiosity rather than religion, kin, or occupational affiliation. 
D)  most of the members had some surplus wealth. 
E)  informal training in self-governance, self-education, and social criticism.

Question 6

The international situation in the mid-eighteenth century included

Accepted Answer

A)  amicable cooperation between Austria and Prussia for control of central Europe. 
B)  a declining role for the aristocracy. 
C)  an intense rivalry between France and Britain in northern Europe and North America. 
D)  a prolonged period of peace on the continent. 
E)  a rejection of Prussian militarism by all of the philosophes. 
A)  amicable cooperation between Austria and Prussia for control of central Europe. 
B)  a declining role for the aristocracy. 
C)  an intense rivalry between France and Britain in northern Europe and North America. 
D)  a prolonged period of peace on the continent. 
E)  a rejection of Prussian militarism by all of the philosophes.

Question 7

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. 
 Compare and contrast the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau about the origin of the state. What was the relationship of the citizen to the state according to each of these men?

Accepted Answer

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacq

Question 8

The diplomatic revolution of 1756 involved

Accepted Answer

A)  a France-Austria alliance. 
B)  Prussia's support of Austria in the Seven Years' War. 
C)  France's diplomatic aid for Prussia. 
D)  the severing of ties between Spain and Austria. 
E)  the reconciliation of Britain and the Dutch Republic. 
A)  a France-Austria alliance. 
B)  Prussia's support of Austria in the Seven Years' War. 
C)  France's diplomatic aid for Prussia. 
D)  the severing of ties between Spain and Austria. 
E)  the reconciliation of Britain and the Dutch Republic.

Question 9

Key Terms 
 Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? 
 social contract

Accepted Answer

The social contract is a political theor

Question 10

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that

Accepted Answer

A)  was inspired by the Scientific Revolution. 
B)  reacted against monarchical and clerical absolutism. 
C)  benefitted from a new freedom of printing in some countries. 
D)  has been characterized as the Age of Reason. 
E)  all of the above 
A)  was inspired by the Scientific Revolution. 
B)  reacted against monarchical and clerical absolutism. 
C)  benefitted from a new freedom of printing in some countries. 
D)  has been characterized as the Age of Reason. 
E)  all of the above

Question 11

All philosophes agreed that

Accepted Answer

A)  the people should govern themselves. 
B)  torture should be eliminated. 
C)  a person should completely subordinate himself to reason. 
D)  enlightened despotism was the best form of government. 
E)  the existing criminal justice system was generally beneficial. 
A)  the people should govern themselves. 
B)  torture should be eliminated. 
C)  a person should completely subordinate himself to reason. 
D)  enlightened despotism was the best form of government. 
E)  the existing criminal justice system was generally beneficial.

Question 12

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. 
 How did the concept of human rights make its appearance during the Enlightenment?

Accepted Answer

The concept of human rights made its app

Question 13

Which of the following countries did NOT  have enlightened despotism in the eighteenth century?

Accepted Answer

A)  England 
B)  Austria 
C)  Spain 
D)  Prussia 
E)  Russia 
A)  England 
B)  Austria 
C)  Spain 
D)  Prussia 
E)  Russia

Question 14

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. 
 Which characteristics of the philosophes illustrate a new way of looking at the world? List three major philosophes , and discuss  their major contributions.

Accepted Answer

The philosophes of the Enlightenment era

Question 15

Enlightenment economic thought included

Accepted Answer

A)  acceptance of self-interest as something good. 
B)  praise for entrepreneurship and free markets unencumbered by governments. 
C)  the inevitability of progress in capitalism. 
D)  the belief that the laws of economics could be discovered. 
E)  all of the above 
A)  acceptance of self-interest as something good. 
B)  praise for entrepreneurship and free markets unencumbered by governments. 
C)  the inevitability of progress in capitalism. 
D)  the belief that the laws of economics could be discovered. 
E)  all of the above

Question 16

Among those admitted to Masonic lodges were

Accepted Answer

A)  working stonemasons. 
B)  middle-class men. 
C)  aristocratic men. 
D)  some women. 
E)  all of the above 
A)  working stonemasons. 
B)  middle-class men. 
C)  aristocratic men. 
D)  some women. 
E)  all of the above

Question 17

The term tabula rasa relates most to the concept that

Accepted Answer

A)  economic tables of the law of supply and demand should be kept by modern states. 
B)  no ideas are innate. 
C)  slavery was part of the chain of being. 
D)  original sin must be removed by baptism. 
E)  tyranny breaks the social contract and society returns to the state of nature. 
A)  economic tables of the law of supply and demand should be kept by modern states. 
B)  no ideas are innate. 
C)  slavery was part of the chain of being. 
D)  original sin must be removed by baptism. 
E)  tyranny breaks the social contract and society returns to the state of nature.

Question 18

Key Terms 
 Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? 
 philosophes

Accepted Answer

Who?
The term "philosophes" refers to a

Question 19

Which of the following statements is NOT  accurate? In the eighteenth century

Accepted Answer

A)  the Enlightenment and the French Revolution sparked a movement for Hungarian nationalism. 
B)  Hungary rapidly modernized , and its population doubled. 
C)  Poland expelled the Jesuits in 1793 and instituted educational reform. 
D)  Prussia, Russia, and Austria participated in the partitioning of Poland. 
E)  the Enlightenment had a similar impact in all of the countries of Eastern Europe. 
A)  the Enlightenment and the French Revolution sparked a movement for Hungarian nationalism. 
B)  Hungary rapidly modernized , and its population doubled. 
C)  Poland expelled the Jesuits in 1793 and instituted educational reform. 
D)  Prussia, Russia, and Austria participated in the partitioning of Poland. 
E)  the Enlightenment had a similar impact in all of the countries of Eastern Europe.

Question 20

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. 
 Did women have an Enlightenment? How did the ideas of the philosophes and the practices of civil society impact women?

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment was a period of intell

Exam 18: The Age of Enlightenment Reason and Reform

Which of the following statements was true concerning freedom of expression during the seventeenth century?

The first tract advocating the decriminalization of homosexuality was written by

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? general will

Criticism of slavery first appeared in early modern Europe among the

All of the following characterized civil society and the public sphere in Enlightenment Europe EXCEPT

The international situation in the mid-eighteenth century included

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Compare and contrast the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau about the origin of the state. What was the relationship of the citizen to the state according to each of these men?

The diplomatic revolution of 1756 involved

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? social contract

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that

All philosophes agreed that

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. How did the concept of human rights make its appearance during the Enlightenment?

Which of the following countries did NOT have enlightened despotism in the eighteenth century?

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Which characteristics of the philosophes illustrate a new way of looking at the world? List three major philosophes , and discuss their major contributions.

Enlightenment economic thought included

Among those admitted to Masonic lodges were

The term tabula rasa relates most to the concept that

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? philosophes

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? In the eighteenth century

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Did women have an Enlightenment? How did the ideas of the philosophes and the practices of civil society impact women?

The Renaissance Transition to the Modern Age

The Reformation the Shattering of Christian Unity

European Expansion Economic and Social Transformations

The Rise of Sovereignty Transition to the Modern State

The Scientific Revolution the Universe Seen As a Mechanism

The French Revolution the Affirmation of Liberty and Equality

The Industrial Revolution the Great Transformation

Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century

Revolution and Counterrevolution 1815-1848

Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Realism and Social Criticism

The Surge of Nationalism From Liberal to Extreme Nationalism

The Industrial West Responses to Modernization

Imperialism Western Global Dominance

Modern Consciousness New Views of Nature Human Nature and the Arts

World War I the West in Despair

An Era of Totalitarianism

Thought and Culture in an Era of World Wars and Totalitarianism

World War Ii Western Civilization in the Balance

Europe After World War Ii Recovery and Realignment 1945-1989

The Troubled Present

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