Exam 8: The Respiratory System

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Which component of the conduction system of the heart is normally responsible for initiating the heart beat?

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Identify and describe typical symptoms of a myocardial infarction (MI).

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Typical symptoms of an MI include severe, vicelike, continuous, constrictive chest pain that commonly radiates to the jaw, neck, arm, and back. The pain often occurs in the early morning; is unrelieved by nitrates, position change, or rest; and lasts about 20 minutes or more. Other signs and symptoms include profuse perspiration, moist clammy skin, pallor, and nausea and vomiting. Anxiety, restlessness, drop in blood pressure, arrhythmias, shock, and heart failure may also be present. It is important to note that 25% to 68% of MIs are not identified as an MI; this is especially the case for older adults and women, who may not display the usual clinical symptoms of a heart attack, called a "silent MI." Rather, they may have gastric disturbances, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, behavioral or mental changes, or an arrhythmia. The course of the illness is more complex and the mortality rate is higher among older adults; therefore early, definitive diagnosis and treatment are imperative.

Your neighbor, Brenda, who is an older adult, is obese and recently had knee surgery. As you are sitting on the front porch with her, she complains that her leg is warm, tender, swollen, and painful. You notice bluish-red color to the leg. Which of the following age-related conditions is Brenda most likely experiencing?

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Which component of the blood is responsible for carrying oxygen to all cells of the body?

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You are a nurse who is working with an older patient who recently experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA)without realizing it until later. Which of the following are typical signs of a TIA that you should instruct the patient to be on alert for in the future?

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Which age-related disorder of the cardiovascular system is characterized by a hardening of the arteries due to the building up of plaque in the blood vessels?

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You are explaining to a friend the primary function of the lymphatic system. Which of the following should you mention?

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Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters which of the following chambers of the heart via the pulmonary veins?

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Identify and describe the risk factors for congestive heart failure (CHF).

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