Exam 2: Practical Applications of Epidemiology

You are interested in controlling cigarette smoking among women aged 15-24. Describe one primary prevention approach and one secondary prevention approach you would use. Convey your understanding of the difference between primary and secondary approaches in the context of your answer.

Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence?

What level of prevention is represented by nutritional counseling for pregnant women?

The term health disparities refers to differences in health outcomes (e.g., mortality and burden of disease) that are closely linked with social, economic, and environmental disadvantage.

An example of operations research is using epidemiology to plan the placement of health services in a community.

High firearm death rates and homicide rates are indicators of adverse conditions within the community.

In 1900, the death rate per 100,000 population for influenza and pneumonia (I & P) was 202.2; it was 22.4 in 2003. How much did the death rate due to I & P decline?

Sexually transmitted diseases are examples of a residual disorder: one for which the contributing factors are known but for which methods of control have not been implemented effectively.

The epidemiologist John Cassel argued that the agent, host, and environment triad provided an adequate explanation for chronic diseases of noninfectious origin.

Using epidemiology for operational research involves the study of:

What level of prevention is represented by immunization against rubella?