Question 1

All of the following statements are true about the use of a t-test, except:

Accepted Answer

A)  it includes a level of significance. 
B)  it is used to analyze interval level data. 
C)  it analyzes the difference between two means. 
D)  it is used to analyze dichotomous outcomes. 
A)  it includes a level of significance. 
B)  it is used to analyze interval level data. 
C)  it analyzes the difference between two means. 
D)  it is used to analyze dichotomous outcomes. D

Question 2

In the exemplar study about pain relief during intravenous cannula insertion in children (Canbulat, 2015), why did the researchers obtain a pre-procedure, self-report anxiety score?

Accepted Answer

A)  So they could compare it to the score after the procedure 
B)  To be sure both treatment groups were similar before the procedure 
C)  To reduce the child's anxiety level 
D)  To give the child practice in self-reporting anxiety after the procedure 
A)  So they could compare it to the score after the procedure 
B)  To be sure both treatment groups were similar before the procedure 
C)  To reduce the child's anxiety level 
D)  To give the child practice in self-reporting anxiety after the procedure B

Question 3

Which of the following is not a key feature of experimental studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Consistent delivery of well-defined intervention variables 
B)  Random assignment of participants to intervention and comparison groups 
C)  Flexibility in data collection 
D)  Control of extraneous influences and bias 
A)  Consistent delivery of well-defined intervention variables 
B)  Random assignment of participants to intervention and comparison groups 
C)  Flexibility in data collection 
D)  Control of extraneous influences and bias C

Question 4

In experimental research, which of the following is not a type of comparison intervention?

Accepted Answer

A)  A random intervention 
B)  A placebo intervention 
C)  A usual care intervention 
D)  No intervention at all 
A)  A random intervention 
B)  A placebo intervention 
C)  A usual care intervention 
D)  No intervention at all

Question 5

In a two-group intervention study, what is the meaning of a t-test with p value of 0.03 result?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a high probability that in the population the two groups are truly different on the outcome. 
B)  There is a low probability that in the population the two groups are truly different. 
C)  The two groups had similar outcomes. 
D)  The probability of the outcome occurring is low. 
A)  There is a high probability that in the population the two groups are truly different on the outcome. 
B)  There is a low probability that in the population the two groups are truly different. 
C)  The two groups had similar outcomes. 
D)  The probability of the outcome occurring is low.

Question 6

Which of the following is not an important function of study protocols?

Accepted Answer

A)  They promote consistent delivery of the interventions. 
B)  They assure that persons in both groups are treated similarly except for the intervention they receive. 
C)  They assure that patients give honest answers. 
D)  They promote the control of bias. 
A)  They promote consistent delivery of the interventions. 
B)  They assure that persons in both groups are treated similarly except for the intervention they receive. 
C)  They assure that patients give honest answers. 
D)  They promote the control of bias.

Question 7

Which type of quantitative research design looks for cause and effect between an intervention variable and an outcome variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  Correlational design 
B)  Case control design 
C)  Experimental design 
D)  Retrospective design 
A)  Correlational design 
B)  Case control design 
C)  Experimental design 
D)  Retrospective design

Question 8

In the exemplar study about pain relief during intravenous cannula insertion in children (Canbulat, 2015), what confounding variable could have been at work?

Accepted Answer

A)  The Buzzy device could have acted as attention and thereby influenced anxiety and pain perceptions. 
B)  The IV cannula insertion may have been more difficult in some children. 
C)  The data collector could have increased the children's anxiety levels. 
D)  The parents' presence could have affected the children's scoring of pain and anxiety. 
A)  The Buzzy device could have acted as attention and thereby influenced anxiety and pain perceptions. 
B)  The IV cannula insertion may have been more difficult in some children. 
C)  The data collector could have increased the children's anxiety levels. 
D)  The parents' presence could have affected the children's scoring of pain and anxiety.

Question 9

Inconsistent delivery of either or both of the treatments has what effect on the results of the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  None, if the researcher corrects the inconsistency before the end of the study. 
B)  It could cause the study participants to be dissatisfied with their involvement in the study. 
C)  It could affect the inter-rater reliability of the outcome variable. 
D)  It could result in erroneous study conclusions. 
A)  None, if the researcher corrects the inconsistency before the end of the study. 
B)  It could cause the study participants to be dissatisfied with their involvement in the study. 
C)  It could affect the inter-rater reliability of the outcome variable. 
D)  It could result in erroneous study conclusions.

Question 10

The process of blinding ensures that:

Accepted Answer

A)  bias is minimized. 
B)  privacy is maximized. 
C)  confidentiality is protected. 
D)  anonymity is protected. 
A)  bias is minimized. 
B)  privacy is maximized. 
C)  confidentiality is protected. 
D)  anonymity is protected.

Question 11

Which of the following results from a sample size that is too small?

Accepted Answer

A)  Low power to detect a difference in the outcomes of the two groups 
B)  Lack of control over extraneous variables 
C)  Limits to random sampling 
D)  A weak intervention 
A)  Low power to detect a difference in the outcomes of the two groups 
B)  Lack of control over extraneous variables 
C)  Limits to random sampling 
D)  A weak intervention

Question 12

All of the following are key features of a well-designed experimental study, except:

Accepted Answer

A)  data saturation. 
B)  random assignment to groups. 
C)  low level of missing data. 
D)  control of extraneous variables. 
A)  data saturation. 
B)  random assignment to groups. 
C)  low level of missing data. 
D)  control of extraneous variables.

Question 13

What does Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of persons per 100 who would have to be treated with an intervention to achieve a particular outcome 
B)  The number of persons per 100 in the population who would benefit from the intervention 
C)  The number of persons who would have to be treated with an intervention rather than the comparison intervention to achieve one more person attaining the particular outcome 
D)  The numbers of persons in the intervention group who achieved the particular outcome 
A)  The number of persons per 100 who would have to be treated with an intervention to achieve a particular outcome 
B)  The number of persons per 100 in the population who would benefit from the intervention 
C)  The number of persons who would have to be treated with an intervention rather than the comparison intervention to achieve one more person attaining the particular outcome 
D)  The numbers of persons in the intervention group who achieved the particular outcome

Question 14

Which statement is true of experimental design?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is always the best design and should be used whenever possible. 
B)  It provides control of all extraneous variables. 
C)  It is the best design for evaluating the effectiveness of clinical interventions and treatments. 
D)  It works well for small sample sizes. 
A)  It is always the best design and should be used whenever possible. 
B)  It provides control of all extraneous variables. 
C)  It is the best design for evaluating the effectiveness of clinical interventions and treatments. 
D)  It works well for small sample sizes.

Question 15

What is the main goal of a two-group experimental study?

Accepted Answer

A)  To determine if the sample is representative of the population 
B)  To determine if one intervention is more effective than the other 
C)  To determine if either intervention is biased 
D)  To determine if both interventions can be safely implemented in real settings 
A)  To determine if the sample is representative of the population 
B)  To determine if one intervention is more effective than the other 
C)  To determine if either intervention is biased 
D)  To determine if both interventions can be safely implemented in real settings

Question 16

Why is a study categorized as quasi-experimental (as opposed to being called an experimental study)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because the researcher does not have a PhD 
B)  Because the intervention was only partially tested 
C)  Because the intervention and/or setting was not tightly controlled 
D)  Because it was not possible to recruit participants from the population of interest 
A)  Because the researcher does not have a PhD 
B)  Because the intervention was only partially tested 
C)  Because the intervention and/or setting was not tightly controlled 
D)  Because it was not possible to recruit participants from the population of interest

Question 17

Calculate the Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) for the effect of exercise on sleep using the following fictitious data: In a study of exercise in the elderly, 20% of persons in the exercise group reported better sleep, whereas 4% did so in the comparison group.

Accepted Answer

A)  NNT = 16 
B)  NNT = 8 
C)  NNT = 5 
D)  NNT = 7 
A)  NNT = 16 
B)  NNT = 8 
C)  NNT = 5 
D)  NNT = 7

Question 18

What statement can be accurately said about missing data?

Accepted Answer

A)  The amount and pattern of missing data should be analyzed carefully. 
B)  It is a major concern at any level of occurrence. 
C)  When missing data occurs, the case should be dropped from the study. 
D)  It is a concern when the level is above 5%. 
A)  The amount and pattern of missing data should be analyzed carefully. 
B)  It is a major concern at any level of occurrence. 
C)  When missing data occurs, the case should be dropped from the study. 
D)  It is a concern when the level is above 5%.

Question 19

A common reason for low statistical power in a study is:

Accepted Answer

A)  small sample size. 
B)  lack of an independent variable. 
C)  large sample size. 
D)  lack of a correlational variable. 
A)  small sample size. 
B)  lack of an independent variable. 
C)  large sample size. 
D)  lack of a correlational variable.

Question 20

The problem with low statistical power is:

Accepted Answer

A)  the p value cut point is set too high. 
B)  a significant result is too easy to achieve. 
C)  the statistical analysis is weakened by small sample size. 
D)  a weak sampling method was used. 
A)  the p value cut point is set too high. 
B)  a significant result is too easy to achieve. 
C)  the statistical analysis is weakened by small sample size. 
D)  a weak sampling method was used.

All of the following statements are true about the use of a t-test, except:

In the exemplar study about pain relief during intravenous cannula insertion in children (Canbulat, 2015), why did the researchers obtain a pre-procedure, self-report anxiety score?

Which of the following is not a key feature of experimental studies?

In experimental research, which of the following is not a type of comparison intervention?

In a two-group intervention study, what is the meaning of a t-test with p value of 0.03 result?

Which of the following is not an important function of study protocols?

Which type of quantitative research design looks for cause and effect between an intervention variable and an outcome variable?

In the exemplar study about pain relief during intravenous cannula insertion in children (Canbulat, 2015), what confounding variable could have been at work?

Inconsistent delivery of either or both of the treatments has what effect on the results of the study?

The process of blinding ensures that:

Which of the following results from a sample size that is too small?

All of the following are key features of a well-designed experimental study, except:

What does Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) indicate?

Which statement is true of experimental design?

What is the main goal of a two-group experimental study?

Why is a study categorized as quasi-experimental (as opposed to being called an experimental study)?

Calculate the Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) for the effect of exercise on sleep using the following fictitious data: In a study of exercise in the elderly, 20% of persons in the exercise group reported better sleep, whereas 4% did so in the comparison group.

What statement can be accurately said about missing data?

A common reason for low statistical power in a study is:

The problem with low statistical power is:

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Exam 7: Experimental Research

All of the following statements are true about the use of a t-test, except:

In the exemplar study about pain relief during intravenous cannula insertion in children (Canbulat, 2015), why did the researchers obtain a pre-procedure, self-report anxiety score?

Which of the following is not a key feature of experimental studies?

In experimental research, which of the following is not a type of comparison intervention?

In a two-group intervention study, what is the meaning of a t-test with p value of 0.03 result?

Which of the following is not an important function of study protocols?

Which type of quantitative research design looks for cause and effect between an intervention variable and an outcome variable?

In the exemplar study about pain relief during intravenous cannula insertion in children (Canbulat, 2015), what confounding variable could have been at work?

Inconsistent delivery of either or both of the treatments has what effect on the results of the study?

The process of blinding ensures that:

Which of the following results from a sample size that is too small?

All of the following are key features of a well-designed experimental study, except:

What does Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) indicate?

Which statement is true of experimental design?

What is the main goal of a two-group experimental study?

Why is a study categorized as quasi-experimental (as opposed to being called an experimental study)?

Calculate the Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) for the effect of exercise on sleep using the following fictitious data: In a study of exercise in the elderly, 20% of persons in the exercise group reported better sleep, whereas 4% did so in the comparison group.

What statement can be accurately said about missing data?

A common reason for low statistical power in a study is:

The problem with low statistical power is:

The Research-Practice Connection

Research Evidence

Reading Research Articles

Qualitative Research

Quantitative Descriptive Research

Correlational Research

Cohort Research

Systematic Reviews

Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines

Asking Clinical Questions

Searching for Research Evidence

Appraising Research Evidence

Appraising Recommendations of Clinical Practice Guidelines

Appraising Conclusions of Systematic Reviews With Narrative Synthesis

Appraising Findings of Original Studies

Evidence Based Practice Strategies

Evidence-Based Practice Participation Scenarios

Point-Of-Care Design Adaptations

Filters