Question 1

During the 1960s, why did nursing scholars heavily emphasize a focus on the theoretical development of nursing as its own, independent discipline?

Accepted Answer

A)  To support doctoral education for nurses that was discipline specific 
B)  To prove that the logical positivist approach was a poor fit for the discipline 
C)  To encourage and enhance the continued development of nursing science 
D)  To promote research by nurses in all fields, not merely nursing science 
A)  To support doctoral education for nurses that was discipline specific 
B)  To prove that the logical positivist approach was a poor fit for the discipline 
C)  To encourage and enhance the continued development of nursing science 
D)  To promote research by nurses in all fields, not merely nursing science C

Question 2

Which argument best supports the idea of nursing as a professional discipline rather than an academic discipline?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Nursing is an applied science. Its practice component places an emphasis on the delivery of service by nurses rather than the development of academic knowledge." 
B)  "Nursing is a discipline with unique substance. It borrows very little from other disciplines and, as a result, is beyond the realm of most academic programs in the sciences that acknowledge idea sharing across disciplines." 
C)  "Nursing is a concept with a lengthy unofficial history. Individuals have been providing nursing care to others since the Crusades, and this professional provision of services predates formal education in the field." 
D)  "Nursing is a relative newcomer to advanced education. For many years, nurses were educated or trained only at a Bachelor's level, and advanced practice therefore has its roots in the profession itself rather than in academia." 
A)  "Nursing is an applied science. Its practice component places an emphasis on the delivery of service by nurses rather than the development of academic knowledge." 
B)  "Nursing is a discipline with unique substance. It borrows very little from other disciplines and, as a result, is beyond the realm of most academic programs in the sciences that acknowledge idea sharing across disciplines." 
C)  "Nursing is a concept with a lengthy unofficial history. Individuals have been providing nursing care to others since the Crusades, and this professional provision of services predates formal education in the field." 
D)  "Nursing is a relative newcomer to advanced education. For many years, nurses were educated or trained only at a Bachelor's level, and advanced practice therefore has its roots in the profession itself rather than in academia." A

Question 3

In which area is there a need for increased attention?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acceptance of pluralism 
B)  Linking feminism to modern trends 
C)  Increasing empirical orientation in conceptual work 
D)  Theory development 
A)  Acceptance of pluralism 
B)  Linking feminism to modern trends 
C)  Increasing empirical orientation in conceptual work 
D)  Theory development D

Question 4

During the 1960s and 1970s, the theory movement in nursing sought to "prove" that nursing was a science by applying strict logical positivist philosophy to the discipline. Why was this application problematic from a philosophical standpoint?

Accepted Answer

A)  It placed too great an emphasis on the art of nursing and left itself open to criticism by the postmodern school of philosophy. 
B)  It ignored the humanistic and social aspects of providing quality care and focused on the hard science involved. 
C)  It took too long to develop and by the time it came to fruition the logical positivist perspective had fallen out of favor with most scientific disciplines. 
D)  It was later disproved by feminist philosophers who unequivocally demonstrated that the logical positivist view was heavily biased against women and minorities. 
A)  It placed too great an emphasis on the art of nursing and left itself open to criticism by the postmodern school of philosophy. 
B)  It ignored the humanistic and social aspects of providing quality care and focused on the hard science involved. 
C)  It took too long to develop and by the time it came to fruition the logical positivist perspective had fallen out of favor with most scientific disciplines. 
D)  It was later disproved by feminist philosophers who unequivocally demonstrated that the logical positivist view was heavily biased against women and minorities.

Question 5

Which statement best describes the theoretical basis behind the postmodern understanding of knowledge?

Accepted Answer

A)  Knowledge is a series of classical "truths" that are colored by gender biases, and it gives rise to the theory of masculine superiority. 
B)  Knowledge in any field is determined through the discovery of a universal truth, and that truth is applicable to all questions that arise. 
C)  Knowledge and the knower are inseparable, and class and gender have significant influence on what is considered knowledge. 
D)  Knowledge is developed through observation of the natural world, and can be best applied to hard science. 
A)  Knowledge is a series of classical "truths" that are colored by gender biases, and it gives rise to the theory of masculine superiority. 
B)  Knowledge in any field is determined through the discovery of a universal truth, and that truth is applicable to all questions that arise. 
C)  Knowledge and the knower are inseparable, and class and gender have significant influence on what is considered knowledge. 
D)  Knowledge is developed through observation of the natural world, and can be best applied to hard science.

Question 6

The consensus statement crafted at the Knowledge Consensus Conference in Boston in 1998 addressed the following areas except:

Accepted Answer

A)  The nature of the human person 
B)  The role of nursing theory 
C)  The nature of the nurse as an individual 
D)  The links of each area of understanding to nursing practice 
A)  The nature of the human person 
B)  The role of nursing theory 
C)  The nature of the nurse as an individual 
D)  The links of each area of understanding to nursing practice

Question 7

Which statement best describes the role that logical positivism plays in modern philosophical thought about nursing science and science in general?

Accepted Answer

A)  It remains at the forefront of the understanding of science and dictates the ways in which scientific research is performed. 
B)  It works in concert with humanistic philosophies of science, with the opposing ideologies functioning as a system of philosophical checks and balances. 
C)  It no longer holds sway over the sciences, but its influence is so deeply ingrained in the field that it continues to impact modern ideas about science. 
D)  It has been completely discredited by postmodern philosophers and is regarded as a flawed relic of past scientific thinking. 
A)  It remains at the forefront of the understanding of science and dictates the ways in which scientific research is performed. 
B)  It works in concert with humanistic philosophies of science, with the opposing ideologies functioning as a system of philosophical checks and balances. 
C)  It no longer holds sway over the sciences, but its influence is so deeply ingrained in the field that it continues to impact modern ideas about science. 
D)  It has been completely discredited by postmodern philosophers and is regarded as a flawed relic of past scientific thinking.

Question 8

Historically, nursing preparation was referred to as "training," and many nurses educated through the 1970s still use this term to refer to their education. Why is this terminology particularly problematic in light of the advances made in nursing science in the last 30 years?

Accepted Answer

A)  On-the-job apprenticeships are no longer as prevalent as they were up through the late 1970s and early 1980s. 
B)  It places emphasis on nurses' abilities to perform tasks rather than reason through and understand the purpose of their actions. 
C)  Most modern nurses pursue Master's level education beyond their practice-based Bachelor's education. 
D)  The last 30 years have seen nursing education move away from physician-taught courses in hospitals to professor-taught courses at universities. 
A)  On-the-job apprenticeships are no longer as prevalent as they were up through the late 1970s and early 1980s. 
B)  It places emphasis on nurses' abilities to perform tasks rather than reason through and understand the purpose of their actions. 
C)  Most modern nurses pursue Master's level education beyond their practice-based Bachelor's education. 
D)  The last 30 years have seen nursing education move away from physician-taught courses in hospitals to professor-taught courses at universities.

Question 9

Which statement most accurately encapsulates Thomas Kuhn's proposed philosophy of science?

Accepted Answer

A)  Science philosophy should address both the conceptual and empirical problems of science and serve as merely a problem-solving activity. 
B)  Science philosophy should focus on concept clarification and concept analysis based on theory development and synthesis. 
C)  Science philosophy should resolve conceptual problems in science without being limited to the development of theories. 
D)  Science philosophy should examine the process of science, rather than the product of science, according to a disciplinary matrix known as a paradigm. 
A)  Science philosophy should address both the conceptual and empirical problems of science and serve as merely a problem-solving activity. 
B)  Science philosophy should focus on concept clarification and concept analysis based on theory development and synthesis. 
C)  Science philosophy should resolve conceptual problems in science without being limited to the development of theories. 
D)  Science philosophy should examine the process of science, rather than the product of science, according to a disciplinary matrix known as a paradigm.

Question 10

Which philosophy is not part of the larger philosophical tradition known as postmodernism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Historicism 
B)  Hermeneutics 
C)  Critical social theory 
D)  Feminism 
A)  Historicism 
B)  Hermeneutics 
C)  Critical social theory 
D)  Feminism

Exam 18: The Evolution of Nursing Science

During the 1960s, why did nursing scholars heavily emphasize a focus on the theoretical development of nursing as its own, independent discipline?

Which argument best supports the idea of nursing as a professional discipline rather than an academic discipline?

In which area is there a need for increased attention?

During the 1960s and 1970s, the theory movement in nursing sought to "prove" that nursing was a science by applying strict logical positivist philosophy to the discipline. Why was this application problematic from a philosophical standpoint?

Which statement best describes the theoretical basis behind the postmodern understanding of knowledge?

The consensus statement crafted at the Knowledge Consensus Conference in Boston in 1998 addressed the following areas except:

Which statement best describes the role that logical positivism plays in modern philosophical thought about nursing science and science in general?

Historically, nursing preparation was referred to as "training," and many nurses educated through the 1970s still use this term to refer to their education. Why is this terminology particularly problematic in light of the advances made in nursing science in the last 30 years?

Which statement most accurately encapsulates Thomas Kuhn's proposed philosophy of science?

Which philosophy is not part of the larger philosophical tradition known as postmodernism?

Introduction to the Role of Advanced Practice Nursing

Historical Perspectives: The Art and Science of Nurse Practitionering

Overview of the Doctor of Nursing Practice Degree

Emerging Roles for the DNP

Influencing and Leading Change in the Complex Health Care Environment: The Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse

Interprofessional Collaboration for Improving Patient and Population Health

An Overview of Us Health Care Delivery

Government Response: Regulation

Healthcare Policy for Advocacy in Health Care

Healthcare Business Essentials: a Primer for Advanced Nurses

Microeconomics in the Hospital Firm: Competition, Regulation, the Profit Motive, and Patient Care

Influencing Outcomes: Improving the Quality of Care Delivery

Providing Patient Value While Achieving Quality, Safety, and Cost-Effectiveness

Health Information Technology

The Electronic Health Record and Clinical Informatics

The Impact of EHRS, Big Data, and Evidence-Informed Practice

Utilize Informatics

Research: How Health Care Advances

Evidence-Based Practice

Clinical Scholarship and Evidence-Based Practice

Writing for Professional Publication

Beliefs, Values, and Health

Cultural Sensitivity and Global Health

Health Services for Special Populations

Advanced Practice Nursing: The Nurse-Patient Relationship and General Ethical Concerns

Ethical Leadership by Advanced Practice Nurses

Strategic Career Planning: Professional and Personal Development

Developing Leadership Skills for the Advance Practice Nurse Through Mentorship

Managing Personal Resources: Time and Stress Management

Entering the Job Market and Promoting Your Future Success

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