Exam 1: Science, Society, and Research Related to Crime, Criminology, and Social Control

Triangulation is useful when a researcher desires to take multiple perspectives into consideration to examine a phenomenon.

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(True/False)

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Question 1

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True

Give an example of an overgeneralization. Then describe why this is an error in reasoning.

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Question 2

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Answers will vary, but here are two examples: (1) someone who assumes all youth who are violent will be violent in adulthood. This is an error in reasoning because not all youth who are violent will be violent in adulthood.
(2) All programs to reduce violence will not work because youth are programmed to be violent. This is an error in reasoning because it assumes that youth are born violent, which may not be the case. Also the idea that all programs would be unsuccessful is incorrect as it makes it seem like nothing could be done to prevent youth violence, which may or may not be true.

Today's pseudoscience could be yesterday's science.

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Question 3

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True

The goal of a research project that resulted in a large amount of relatively unstructured information was most likely ______.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 4

We only interact with a small fraction of the social world, but we sometimes tend to assume that what we know to be true for some cases is true for all cases. This is an example of which type of error in reasoning your book discusses?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 5

Social science is the use of logical, systematic, documented methods to investigate individuals, societies, and social processes, as well as the knowledge produced by these investigations.

(True/False)

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Question 6

Dr. Smith developed and sustained an intensive relationship with people while they went about their daily activities to engage in what type of field research?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 7

Elijah made observations about causes of crime based on what his beliefs were. Based on the terms used in your textbook, what type of error in reasoning did Elijah exhibit ?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 8

A local news station argued that most criminals are bad people. This claim is most likely based off empirical research.

(True/False)

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Question 9

Provide the similarities and differences between selective observations and inaccurate observations.

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Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an example of resistance to change?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 11

In our understanding of reality, positivism differs from postpositivism in all the following ways EXCEPT ______.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 12

Unlike positivism or postpositivism, ______ is a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of understanding the subjective meanings people give to reality.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 13

When criminologists report on a crime-related topic, compared to reports from the media, which of the following is most likely true?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 14

In the 19th century, phrenology asserted that bumps and fissures of the skull determined the character and personality of a person, and today it still remains a valid field of study.

(True/False)

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Question 15

Overgeneralization, selective or inaccurate observation, resistance to change, and illogical reasoning are all examples of errors in reasoning.

(True/False)

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Question 16

Name two common data sources with which criminologists conduct secondary data analysis.

(Essay)

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Question 17

Explain qualitative and quantitative research methods and describe some of the common research motives for choosing to use qualitative or quantitative research methods. Then explain why some researchers use both methods to answer their research questions.

(Essay)

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Question 18

A graduate student recently found out that he has to submit his journal article to another journal. This means that he received a ______ during the peer review process.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 19

Which of the following types of research would be used to answer this type research question: The relationship between youth violence and substance use-what is going on here ?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 20

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Triangulation is useful when a researcher desires to take multiple perspectives into consideration to examine a phenomenon.

Give an example of an overgeneralization. Then describe why this is an error in reasoning.

Today's pseudoscience could be yesterday's science.

The goal of a research project that resulted in a large amount of relatively unstructured information was most likely ______.

We only interact with a small fraction of the social world, but we sometimes tend to assume that what we know to be true for some cases is true for all cases. This is an example of which type of error in reasoning your book discusses?

Social science is the use of logical, systematic, documented methods to investigate individuals, societies, and social processes, as well as the knowledge produced by these investigations.

Dr. Smith developed and sustained an intensive relationship with people while they went about their daily activities to engage in what type of field research?

Elijah made observations about causes of crime based on what his beliefs were. Based on the terms used in your textbook, what type of error in reasoning did Elijah exhibit ?

A local news station argued that most criminals are bad people. This claim is most likely based off empirical research.

Provide the similarities and differences between selective observations and inaccurate observations.

Which of the following is NOT an example of resistance to change?

In our understanding of reality, positivism differs from postpositivism in all the following ways EXCEPT ______.

Unlike positivism or postpositivism, ______ is a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of understanding the subjective meanings people give to reality.

When criminologists report on a crime-related topic, compared to reports from the media, which of the following is most likely true?

In the 19th century, phrenology asserted that bumps and fissures of the skull determined the character and personality of a person, and today it still remains a valid field of study.

Overgeneralization, selective or inaccurate observation, resistance to change, and illogical reasoning are all examples of errors in reasoning.

Name two common data sources with which criminologists conduct secondary data analysis.

Explain qualitative and quantitative research methods and describe some of the common research motives for choosing to use qualitative or quantitative research methods. Then explain why some researchers use both methods to answer their research questions.

A graduate student recently found out that he has to submit his journal article to another journal. This means that he received a ______ during the peer review process.

Which of the following types of research would be used to answer this type research question: The relationship between youth violence and substance use-what is going on here ?

The Process and Problems of Research of Criminological Research

Ethical and Scientific Guidelines for Research

Conceptualization and Measurement

Sampling

Causation and Research Design

Experimental Designs

Survey Research

Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, and Listening

Analyzing Content: Research Using Secondary, Historical, and Comparative Data, and Content Analysis

Social Network Analysis, Crime Mapping, and Big Data

Evaluation and Policy Analysis

Mixing and Comparing Methods

Analyzing Quantitative Data

Analyzing Qualitative Data

Reporting Research Results

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