Exam 2: Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories

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There have been several types of studies conducted to test deterrence theory, including experimental studies, observational studies, and meta-analyses.

Experimental studies involve creating controlled environments in which researchers can manipulate variables to test the effects of deterrence on behavior. These studies often use simulated scenarios or hypothetical situations to measure the impact of deterrence on decision-making. One strength of experimental studies is their ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships between deterrence and behavior. However, they may lack external validity and may not accurately reflect real-world behavior.

Observational studies, on the other hand, analyze real-world data to examine the relationship between deterrence and criminal behavior. These studies often use statistical methods to assess the impact of deterrence policies, such as the death penalty or mandatory sentencing, on crime rates. One strength of observational studies is their ability to capture real-world behavior, but they may be subject to confounding variables and biases in the data.

Meta-analyses involve synthesizing the results of multiple studies to provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence for deterrence theory. This approach allows researchers to identify patterns and trends across different studies and to assess the overall strength of the evidence. However, meta-analyses may be limited by the quality of the studies included and the potential for publication bias.

Overall, tests of the deterrence model have produced mixed findings. Some studies have found support for the deterrent effect of punishment on criminal behavior, while others have found little to no evidence of deterrence. The strength of the evidence varies depending on the type of study and the specific deterrence policy being examined. Additionally, the effectiveness of deterrence may depend on individual and situational factors, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about its overall impact on behavior.

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Felson's concept of "designing out crime" refers to the idea of creating environments and structures that discourage criminal behavior. This can be achieved at various levels, including by individuals, neighborhoods, communities, and businesses.

At the individual level, "designing out crime" may involve taking personal safety precautions, such as locking doors and windows, installing security systems, and being aware of one's surroundings. For example, an individual might choose to live in a well-lit apartment building with secure entry points to reduce the risk of burglary.

At the neighborhood and community level, "designing out crime" could involve implementing measures such as neighborhood watch programs, improving street lighting, and maintaining public spaces to discourage criminal activity. For instance, a community might work together to install security cameras in public areas or organize regular community clean-up events to reduce opportunities for crime.

Businesses can also contribute to "designing out crime" by implementing security measures such as surveillance cameras, alarm systems, and secure cash-handling procedures. Additionally, businesses can design their physical spaces in ways that discourage criminal behavior, such as using clear sightlines and minimizing hiding spots.

Overall, "designing out crime" involves creating environments that make it more difficult for criminal activity to occur, ultimately promoting safety and security for individuals, neighborhoods, communities, and businesses.