Exam 2: The Elements of Argument

According to Barker and Kitcher, many people see modern science as a threat to central aspects of their way of life. Do you see science as threat in this way? Why or why not?

Hypotheses are most usually tested directly, by checking to see if they conflict with readily observable facts.

A job ad says, "Qualified candidates for this job must speak fluent Latin." This means that

Give an example of an invalid argument with a missing premise. Then put the argument into standard form. Now provide a counterexample to the argument and explain why it shows that the argument is invalid.

Make up a hypothetical problem and construct a possible experiment to determine its cause. Explain exactly what your experiment establishes.

The presence of oxygen is a sufficient condition for a candle to be burning.

If one state affairs, A, is a necessary condition for another state of affairs, B, then

According to Barker and Kitcher, __________ has brought the full force of the scientific worldview to bear on our understanding of ourselves.

A valid argument can only be a deductive argument.

Inference to the best explanation is an example of inductive reasoning.

Why is Sherlock Holmes's use of "deduction" not the same as how logicians use the term, and how do the authors define this type of reasoning?

Modus tollens and affirming the consequent are two forms of deductively valid argument.

If A is necessary for B, then B is necessary for

Prior to the Scientific Revolution, Europeans understood the world as filled with meaning and purpose.

The most important step in argument analysis is to

Why do Barker and Kitcher think that discussions about science in the media contribute to the growth of antiscience attitudes?

The central concept of deductive logic is

Being a rectangle with four equal sides is necessary and sufficient for being a square.

The task of logic is to establish rules of inference.

How would you explain the difference between necessary and sufficient conditions to someone who was confusing them?