Exam 2: The Elements of Argument

Defining all of one's terms at the beginning of a discussion is

Positive instances confirm an inductive generalization.

A test implication is an expected effect of a hypothesis.

Give an example of an argument that begs the question. Explain why and exactly how the argument is fallacious.

An analytical definition may be arbitrary.

Semmelweis considered and rejected explanations including

Imagine that a dog trainer says, "My obedience course is sufficient to make any dog well-behaved." A listener responds by saying, "My dog is already well-behaved, without taking your course, so that proves you are wrong." Is the listener correct? Why or why not?

Hypothesis testing in science is an example of deductive reasoning.

Deductive arguments require valid premises.

For winning a race, crossing the finish line first is

For a human to live, being able to breathe is

The fallacy of complex question

What do the authors mean by saying that the direction of argumentation must always be from the more obvious to the less obvious? Explain.

According to Barker and Kitcher, hostility toward science effects

According to Barker and Kitcher, defenders of science respond to antiscience attitudes by pointing to the way modern science offers

According to Barker and Kitcher, antiscience sentiments began

How prevalent do you think antiscientism is in the world today? Do you think it is becoming more prevalent or less? Explain your answer.

Provide an example of a modus tollens argument that is not in the reading. Explain why it is a good argument (e.g., persuasive).

It is always a fallacy to appeal to famous people in support of one's conclusion.

To be a college student, owning a computer is