Chat with AIExam 7: The Autonomic Nervous System and Hormones
Only females have the hormones estrogen and progesterone; only males have testosterone.
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VerifiedFalse
Explain the difference between neurotransmitters and hormones.
(39) VerifiedNeurotransmitters are molecules that carry messages from one neuron to another, or between neurons and immediately adjacent organs in the body. Hormones are molecules released by glands into the bloodstream, carrying instructions to organs located some distance away.
The human stress response is one example of an aspect of human nature that was adaptive in our ancestral environment, yet can be problematic in the modern world. (i) Compare and contrast the nature of the typical stressor in the ancestral environment versus the modern, developed world. (ii) Describe three specific aspects of the human stress response that were adaptive for human ancestors, yet can threaten long-term health in the modern era.
(39) 
Answered by Examlex AI Copilot(i) In the ancestral environment, typical stressors were immediate physical threats such as predators, natural disasters, or food scarcity. These stressors required a quick and intense response in order to ensure survival. In the modern, developed world, typical stressors are often more psychological in nature, such as work deadlines, financial pressures, or social conflicts. These stressors can be ongoing and chronic, leading to prolonged periods of stress.
(ii) Three specific aspects of the human stress response that were adaptive for human ancestors, yet can threaten long-term health in the modern era are the fight or flight response, the release of cortisol, and the suppression of non-essential bodily functions. The fight or flight response allowed our ancestors to react quickly to immediate threats, but in the modern world, chronic activation of this response can lead to increased risk of heart disease, anxiety, and depression. The release of cortisol, a stress hormone, helped our ancestors to mobilize energy and suppress non-essential bodily functions in order to deal with immediate threats. However, in the modern world, chronic release of cortisol can lead to weakened immune system, weight gain, and increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Additionally, the suppression of non-essential bodily functions, such as digestion and reproduction, was beneficial for our ancestors in times of immediate danger. However, in the modern world, chronic suppression of these functions can lead to digestive issues, infertility, and hormonal imbalances.
Either the sympathetic nervous system OR the parasympathetic nervous system is activated at any one time in a person's body; they cannot both be activated at once.
(36) Which of the following best describes the autonomic specificity hypothesis?
(40) Which of the following is the best definition of respiratory sinus arrhythmia?
(33) Which of the following physiological variables is influenced by BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activation?
(45) Effects of sympathetic nervous system activation are all caused by the same mechanism, so they all occur together; different effects cannot occur independent of the others.
(50) In order to interpret someone's heart rate during an experience of strong emotion, it must be compared to:
(44) Differentiate the alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, a.k.a the stress response.
(36) Research evidence suggests that people who more accurately perceive their body's visceral responses, such as changes in heart rate, also experience stronger negative emotions.
(48) The arteries - blood vessels leading away from the heart - are surrounded by thin layers of smooth muscle than can constrict or relax.
(32) Which of the following is a result of increased parasympathetic nervous system activation?
(24) When the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems both ennervate the same organ, they typically produce opposing effects.
(44) Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, or stress response, is characterized by very high sympathetic nervous system activation?
(42) Evidence suggests that a sharp increase in the "stress hormone" cortisol upon waking up in the morning is normal and psychologically healthy.
(44) The physiological stress response was discovered largely by accident, in a study designed to address the causes of cancer in rats.
(37) Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, or stress response, is characterized by heightened cortisol activity?
(40) Which of the following is NOT a result of increased sympathetic nervous system activation?
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