Exam 4: General Macro-Level Theories and Modern-Day Applications

Of all social disorganization variables, Pyrooz and colleagues (2010) found ______ to have the MOST impact on gang membership rates in their study of 100 cities in the United States.

Papachristos and Kirk (2006)'s finding of a mediating relationship among collective efficacy, concentrated disadvantage, and violent behavior indicated which of the following?

Which of the following are community conditions that Thrasher (1927, 2000) connected to gang activity?

Which of the following is NOT a key element of opportunities for crime according to routine activities (opportunity) theory?

Which methodological feature was the hallmark of early ecological studies based in the Chicago School of Sociology (e.g., Park & Burgess, 1925; Shaw & McKay, 1942)?

There are debates as to how many gangs Thrasher (1927, 2000) examined in his landmark study.

Studies by Whyte (1943) and Suttles (1968) imply which of the following about the application of social disorganization theory to gangs?

The Chicago school's unique contribution to gang theorizing was its emphasis on the physical locations of gangs.

Papachristos and Kirk (2006) suggested that social disorganization theory predicted gang but not non-gang homicides because the neighborhoods where gangs flourished were probably different from the places where non-gang violence developed.

Papachristos (2004) and Monti (1993) pose similar challenges to the use of the term "disorganized" to describe delinquent groups such as gangs.

Discuss how social disorganization theory applies to modern theorizing about gangs. Be sure to provide a brief history of the theory's development, assess at least one strength and one limitation of its core arguments, and detail findings from at least one study that explored whether social disorganization theory applies to gangs.

Which of the following phenomena described in the five stages of gang development supports Thrasher's (1927, 2000) contextualization argument?

Thrasher's (1927) concept of "contextualization" is synonymous with his concept of a "situation complex."

Which of the following are believed to be precipitating factors of the development of prison gangs in Chicago?

What are the key features of routine activities (opportunity) theory and what is the primary difference between it and other societal-level theories detailed in the chapter?

Immigration patterns were largely responsible for the erosion of social control in the first stage of U.S. gang development.

Papachristos and Kirk (2006) suggest that social disorganization theory predicted gang homicides but not other kinds of homicides because ______.

Bursik and Grasmick (1993) first specified that poverty, population heterogeneity, and residential mobility are the mechanisms that lead to crime and delinquency in social disorganization theory.

In general, the proliferation of drug trafficking follows in areas with ______.

Which of the following macro-structural phenomena led many young men to turn to drug trafficking beginning in the late 1970s and into the early 1980s?