Question 1

People with _______ do not require an optical correction to see normally.

Accepted Answer

A)  myopia 
B)  hyperopia 
C)  astigmatism 
D)  emmetropia 
E)  All the above require optical correction. 
A)  myopia 
B)  hyperopia 
C)  astigmatism 
D)  emmetropia 
E)  All the above require optical correction. D

Question 2

When light strikes a photoreceptor, what happens to its electrical potential?

Accepted Answer

A)  It decreases and becomes more negative. 
B)  It decreases but stays positive. 
C)  It increases but stays negative. 
D)  It increases and becomes more positive. 
E)  Its electrical potential stays the same. 
A)  It decreases and becomes more negative. 
B)  It decreases but stays positive. 
C)  It increases but stays negative. 
D)  It increases and becomes more positive. 
E)  Its electrical potential stays the same. A

Question 3

Describe the transmission of information in the retina from photoreceptors to the optic nerve. What cells are functioning in what order, and how do they transform visual information on the way to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Once light strikes the outer segment of photoreceptors in the retina, a chromophore captures the light molecule which begins the process of photoactivation, causing the photoreceptor to become hyperpolarized. The graded potentials of the photoreceptor that result from photoactivation are sent on to the bipolar cells, which may be either diffuse bipolar cells or midget bipolar cells. Diffuse bipolar cells connect to multiple cones while midget bipolar cells connect to only a single cone. Horizontal cells connect to the synapse of photoreceptors and bipolar cells and help to create the center-surround receptive field organization through lateral inhibition. ON bipolar cells respond to increases in light and OFF bipolar cells respond to decreases in light. Bipolar cells connect to P and M ganglion cells as well as amacrine cells. Amacrine cells modulate the signals coming from bipolar cells to emphasize contrast and improve temporal processing. P ganglion cells receive excitatory input from midget bipolar cells and feed the parvocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). M ganglion cells receive excitatory input from diffuse bipolar cells and feed the magnocellular layer of the LGN Ganglion cells converge at the optic disk where they leave the eye and form the optic nerve. The optic nerve transmits signals from the retina to the LGN.

Question 4

The dark, circular opening at the center of the eye, where light enters the eye, is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  pupil. 
B)  iris. 
C)  lens. 
D)  retina. 
E)  cornea. 
A)  pupil. 
B)  iris. 
C)  lens. 
D)  retina. 
E)  cornea.

Question 5

Retinal cells called _______ leave the eye via the optic nerve and transmit information to the brain and midbrain.

Accepted Answer

A)  Ganglion cells 
B)  Bipolar cells 
C)  Amacrine cells 
D)  Horizontal cells 
E)  Photoreceptors 
A)  Ganglion cells 
B)  Bipolar cells 
C)  Amacrine cells 
D)  Horizontal cells 
E)  Photoreceptors

Question 6

With regard to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which would have the greatest impact on photopic (daytime) vision, and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  RP, because it damages peripheral vision, which is most important for photopic vision. 
B)  RP, because it damages central vision, which is most important for photopic vision. 
C)  AMD, because it damages peripheral vision, which is most important for photopic vision. 
D)  AMD, because it damages central vision, which is most important for photopic vision. 
E)  Neither of these diseases affects photopic vision. 
A)  RP, because it damages peripheral vision, which is most important for photopic vision. 
B)  RP, because it damages central vision, which is most important for photopic vision. 
C)  AMD, because it damages peripheral vision, which is most important for photopic vision. 
D)  AMD, because it damages central vision, which is most important for photopic vision. 
E)  Neither of these diseases affects photopic vision.

Question 7

The vitreous humor is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  funny substance. 
B)  watery fluid between the cornea and iris. 
C)  gel-like fluid between the lens and retina. 
D)  circular opening at the center of the iris. 
E)  opaque fluid. 
A)  funny substance. 
B)  watery fluid between the cornea and iris. 
C)  gel-like fluid between the lens and retina. 
D)  circular opening at the center of the iris. 
E)  opaque fluid.

Question 8

The iris is analogous to the _______ in a camera.

Accepted Answer

A)  lens 
B)  aperture 
C)  flash 
D)  film 
E)  shutter 
A)  lens 
B)  aperture 
C)  flash 
D)  film 
E)  shutter

Question 9

Which of the following is a unit of measurement of the optic power of a lens?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diopter 
B)  Visual angle 
C)  Accommodation 
D)  Hertz 
E)  Wavelength 
A)  Diopter 
B)  Visual angle 
C)  Accommodation 
D)  Hertz 
E)  Wavelength

Question 10

If the optic nerve is severed, which retinal cells are damaged?

Accepted Answer

A)  Amacrine cells 
B)  Bipolar cells 
C)  Ganglion cells 
D)  Horizontal cells 
E)  Photoreceptors 
A)  Amacrine cells 
B)  Bipolar cells 
C)  Ganglion cells 
D)  Horizontal cells 
E)  Photoreceptors

Question 11

Refer to the figure.
  The bottom part of the figure shows the

Accepted Answer

A)  spectrum of visible light. 
B)  different kinds of light. 
C)  spectrum of electromagnetic energy. 
D)  number of photons emitted by a light source. 
E)  amount of heat emitted by a light source. 
A)  spectrum of visible light. 
B)  different kinds of light. 
C)  spectrum of electromagnetic energy. 
D)  number of photons emitted by a light source. 
E)  amount of heat emitted by a light source.

Question 12

Which stimulus would optimally activate an OFF-center ganglion cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  A spot of light in the center of the receptive field 
B)  A shadow in the center of the receptive field 
C)  A ring of shadow covering the surround of the receptive field 
D)  A large spot of light covering both the center and surround portions of the receptive field 
E)  A large shadow covering both the center and surround portions of the receptive field 
A)  A spot of light in the center of the receptive field 
B)  A shadow in the center of the receptive field 
C)  A ring of shadow covering the surround of the receptive field 
D)  A large spot of light covering both the center and surround portions of the receptive field 
E)  A large shadow covering both the center and surround portions of the receptive field

Question 13

Refer to the figure.
  The top part of the figure shows the

Accepted Answer

A)  spectrum of visible light. 
B)  different kinds of light. 
C)  amount of heat emitted by a light source. 
D)  number of photons emitted by a light source. 
E)  spectrum of electromagnetic energy. 
A)  spectrum of visible light. 
B)  different kinds of light. 
C)  amount of heat emitted by a light source. 
D)  number of photons emitted by a light source. 
E)  spectrum of electromagnetic energy.

Question 14

The transparent "window" on the outer part of the eye that allows light into the eyeball is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  pupil. 
B)  iris. 
C)  lens. 
D)  retina. 
E)  cornea. 
A)  pupil. 
B)  iris. 
C)  lens. 
D)  retina. 
E)  cornea.

Question 15

Lateral inhibition is the

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in activation caused by nearby regions of the retina. 
B)  measure of the finest detail that one can resolve. 
C)  process of inhibiting light from moving. 
D)  processing of inhibitory cells. 
E)  antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina. 
A)  increase in activation caused by nearby regions of the retina. 
B)  measure of the finest detail that one can resolve. 
C)  process of inhibiting light from moving. 
D)  processing of inhibitory cells. 
E)  antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina.

Question 16

The high-resolution part of the eye that is used for detailed vision is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  cornea. 
B)  lens. 
C)  iris. 
D)  sclera. 
E)  fovea. 
A)  cornea. 
B)  lens. 
C)  iris. 
D)  sclera. 
E)  fovea.

Question 17

We all have a blind spot in each eye. In normal circumstances, why is it that we do not experience large black empty regions in our visual field?

Accepted Answer

There are several reasons. First, we typ

Question 18

What are age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP)? How are they similar and how are they different?

Accepted Answer

Age-related macular degeneration and ret

Question 19

Refer to the figure.
  Which part of the figure depicts hyperopia without correction?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 20

With regard to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which would have the greatest impact on scotopic (nighttime) vision, and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  RP, because it damages peripheral vision, which is most important for scotopic vision. 
B)  RP, because it damages central vision, which is most important for scotopic vision. 
C)  AMD, because it damages peripheral vision, which is most important for scotopic vision. 
D)  AMD, because it damages central vision, which is most important for scotopic vision. 
E)  Neither of these diseases affects scotopic vision. 
A)  RP, because it damages peripheral vision, which is most important for scotopic vision. 
B)  RP, because it damages central vision, which is most important for scotopic vision. 
C)  AMD, because it damages peripheral vision, which is most important for scotopic vision. 
D)  AMD, because it damages central vision, which is most important for scotopic vision. 
E)  Neither of these diseases affects scotopic vision.

People with _______ do not require an optical correction to see normally.

When light strikes a photoreceptor, what happens to its electrical potential?

Describe the transmission of information in the retina from photoreceptors to the optic nerve. What cells are functioning in what order, and how do they transform visual information on the way to the brain?

The dark, circular opening at the center of the eye, where light enters the eye, is called the

Retinal cells called _______ leave the eye via the optic nerve and transmit information to the brain and midbrain.

With regard to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which would have the greatest impact on photopic (daytime) vision, and why?

The vitreous humor is a(n)

The iris is analogous to the _______ in a camera.

Which of the following is a unit of measurement of the optic power of a lens?

If the optic nerve is severed, which retinal cells are damaged?

Refer to the figure. The bottom part of the figure shows the

Which stimulus would optimally activate an OFF-center ganglion cell?

Refer to the figure. The top part of the figure shows the

The transparent "window" on the outer part of the eye that allows light into the eyeball is called the

Lateral inhibition is the

The high-resolution part of the eye that is used for detailed vision is called the

We all have a blind spot in each eye. In normal circumstances, why is it that we do not experience large black empty regions in our visual field?

What are age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP)? How are they similar and how are they different?

Refer to the figure. Which part of the figure depicts hyperopia without correction?

With regard to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which would have the greatest impact on scotopic (nighttime) vision, and why?

Introduction

Spatial Vision: From Spots to Stripes

Perceiving and Recognizing Objects

The Perception of Color

Space Perception and Binocular Vision

Attention and Scene Perception

Visual Motion Perception

Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics

Hearing in the Environment

Music and Speech Perception

Vestibular Sensation

Touch

Olfaction

Taste

Filters

Exam 2: The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signals

People with _______ do not require an optical correction to see normally.

When light strikes a photoreceptor, what happens to its electrical potential?

Describe the transmission of information in the retina from photoreceptors to the optic nerve. What cells are functioning in what order, and how do they transform visual information on the way to the brain?

The dark, circular opening at the center of the eye, where light enters the eye, is called the

Retinal cells called _______ leave the eye via the optic nerve and transmit information to the brain and midbrain.

With regard to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which would have the greatest impact on photopic (daytime) vision, and why?

The vitreous humor is a(n)

The iris is analogous to the _______ in a camera.

Which of the following is a unit of measurement of the optic power of a lens?

If the optic nerve is severed, which retinal cells are damaged?

Refer to the figure. The bottom part of the figure shows the

Which stimulus would optimally activate an OFF-center ganglion cell?

Refer to the figure. The top part of the figure shows the

The transparent "window" on the outer part of the eye that allows light into the eyeball is called the

Lateral inhibition is the

The high-resolution part of the eye that is used for detailed vision is called the

We all have a blind spot in each eye. In normal circumstances, why is it that we do not experience large black empty regions in our visual field?

What are age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP)? How are they similar and how are they different?

Refer to the figure. Which part of the figure depicts hyperopia without correction?

With regard to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which would have the greatest impact on scotopic (nighttime) vision, and why?

Introduction

Spatial Vision: From Spots to Stripes

Perceiving and Recognizing Objects

The Perception of Color

Space Perception and Binocular Vision

Attention and Scene Perception

Visual Motion Perception

Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics

Hearing in the Environment

Music and Speech Perception

Vestibular Sensation

Touch

Olfaction

Taste

Filters