Chat with AIExam 11: Survey Studies
Which of the following sampling procedures requires a sampling frame of potential respondents before the research can be initiated?
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VerifiedA,C
You are preparing to conduct a survey regarding a new personality characteristic and whether it correlates with other important personality characteristics, but realized you do not really have the time or resources to use randomized sampling techniques, and instead opt for a nonrandom sampling approach. (a) Describe two nonrandom sampling techniques, and (b) provide an example for each type that illustrates how you would eventually obtain your sample of respondents.
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Answered by Examlex AI Copilot(a) Two nonrandom sampling techniques include convenience sampling and purposive sampling.
Convenience sampling involves selecting individuals who are readily available and accessible to participate in the survey. This could involve approaching people in a public place, such as a shopping mall or park, and asking them to participate in the survey.
Purposive sampling involves selecting individuals based on specific criteria that are relevant to the research study. For example, if the new personality characteristic being studied is related to leadership qualities, the researcher may purposefully select individuals who hold leadership positions in their organizations to participate in the survey.
(b) An example of convenience sampling would be standing outside a university campus and approaching students as they walk by to participate in the survey. An example of purposive sampling would be identifying and selecting individuals who have a strong presence on social media platforms and are known for their outgoing and extroverted personalities to participate in the survey.
Describe the relationship between precision and sampling error. How would a smaller sample differ from a larger sample with regard to each?
(40) Answered by Examlex AI CopilotPrecision and sampling error are closely related in that precision refers to the level of consistency and accuracy in measurements, while sampling error refers to the amount of variability or uncertainty in the sample data compared to the population.
In general, a smaller sample size is likely to have a larger sampling error compared to a larger sample size. This is because a smaller sample may not accurately represent the population, leading to more variability and uncertainty in the results. On the other hand, a larger sample size is more likely to provide a more accurate representation of the population, resulting in lower sampling error.
Similarly, the relationship between precision and sample size is such that a smaller sample is likely to have lower precision compared to a larger sample. This is because a smaller sample may not capture the full range of variability in the population, leading to less precise measurements. In contrast, a larger sample size is more likely to provide more precise measurements due to its ability to capture a wider range of variability in the population.
In summary, a smaller sample is likely to have higher sampling error and lower precision compared to a larger sample. Therefore, researchers should consider the trade-offs between precision, sampling error, and sample size when designing studies and interpreting results.
Studies in which every unit in a population has equal probability of being sampled for study, or in which the probability of selection is exactly equal to the sampling fraction, employ_________ sampling methods.
(33) Say a researcher is interested in studying college students' opinions on admission policies. The researcher wishes to obtain a fairly equal number of first year, sophomore, junior, and senior students, as recent research has shown that older students tend to be less approving of school policies in general. However, there are much fewer older (more senior) students in attendance than younger students. What kind of sampling technique might the researcher want to employ?
(23) Researchers conducted a survey on young adults' sexual behavior, and found that many respondents did not answer every question. Specifically, it seems like many people chose to not answer the question, "have you ever had sexual contact with a person of the same sex," most likely because of the stigma of same-sex sexual contact and social desirability concerns (but they did not measure people's social desirability bias). Furthermore, 25 percent of respondents refused to answer the question, "have you have had sexual contact with different people on the same day," but it appears that only those people who reported being in a committed relationship (which was measured) refused to answer this question. In the example, what type(s) of missingness are present?
(40) (a) Discuss two techniques that researchers have used to reduce nonresponse during data collection. (b) Assuming that many randomly selected respondents nonetheless refuse to participate, describe two techniques that researchers can use to reduce the biasing effect that these refusals might have on survey estimates.
(28) What features distinguish proportionate stratified samples from disproportionate stratified samples? In which research contexts might one be preferred to the other?
(35) The purpose of the finite population correction (fpc) is to:
(34) Rather than sampling individuals, these sampling methods utilize sampling frames of specific locations:
(27) Which of the following sampling techniques would be considered "epsem" designs? (circle all that apply)
(33) __________ are advantageous because they are likely to provide valid data, particularly with sensitive or socially undesirable topics.
(33) What is the difference between quota sampling and stratified sampling?
(42) W. Coyote was very interested in the population of rabbits in the state of Arizona, but for some reason, there did not seem to be a centralized list of names of all the Arizona rabbit residents. However, he did obtain a county map, further divided into neighborhoods, that he thought he might be able to use to estimate the number and type of rabbits in the state. Given the information he has available, what sampling techniques should he use?
(32) You are preparing to conduct a nationwide survey of people's political attitudes, and are debating about which sampling technique to use. Specifically, you are deciding between proportionate stratified (random) sampling, and multistage sampling. For each sampling technique: (a) what information will you need for your sampling frame; (b) what are the basic steps in selecting who will participate in the survey; (c) how many strata/clusters will you use, and what will those strata/clusters be; and (d) where does randomization occur in the design (or does it occur anywhere)?
(28) If we want to conduct a representative national survey with approximately 2,000 respondents, with the goal of obtaining a relatively accurate idea of people's opinions regarding a certain national issue, why might it be necessary to over-sample certain groups? For the purposes of our survey, why would we want to necessarily find more Caucasian women, who are in a committed same-sex relationship, with children, compared to any other combinations of demographic characteristics? Why wouldn't we want to find a number of respondents who fit this group that is proportional to the size of the larger population (e.g., if 0.1 percent of people in the population fit this category, why would we want to recruit more than two respondents from this group)?
(34) How can participant nonresponse affect the effectiveness of a sampling strategy? What are some ways researchers can reduce nonresponse?
(35) Of the following samples and populations, which would yield the greatest precision?
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