Question 1

One major division among theories, sometimes called the "two disciplines" or "two cultures" of psychology, is between

Accepted Answer

A)  clinical and idiographic theories. 
B)  scientific and humanistic approaches. 
C)  human and animal theories. 
D)  laboratory and scientific theories. 
A)  clinical and idiographic theories. 
B)  scientific and humanistic approaches. 
C)  human and animal theories. 
D)  laboratory and scientific theories. B

Question 2

Which statement best describes personality research methods?

Accepted Answer

A)  Experimental research is the best research method. Others are now obsolete. 
B)  Personality can only be studied by correlational methods, since it is not possible to do true experiments in this area. 
C)  Personality research is best done with large groups of subjects. 
D)  A variety of personality research methods are appropriate for personality research. 
A)  Experimental research is the best research method. Others are now obsolete. 
B)  Personality can only be studied by correlational methods, since it is not possible to do true experiments in this area. 
C)  Personality research is best done with large groups of subjects. 
D)  A variety of personality research methods are appropriate for personality research. D

Question 3

Explain the difference between correlational research and experimental research. One of these
methods can determine causality and one cannot. Explain which can determine causality, which one cannot and why.

Accepted Answer

Correlational research and experimental research are two different methods used in scientific studies to understand the relationship between variables.

Correlational research involves examining the relationship between two or more variables without any manipulation of those variables. This method can help researchers identify patterns and associations between variables, but it cannot determine causality. In other words, correlational research can show that two variables are related, but it cannot prove that one variable causes changes in the other.

On the other hand, experimental research involves manipulating one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable. This method can determine causality because the researcher can control and manipulate the variables to see if changes in one variable directly cause changes in another. By randomly assigning participants to different conditions and controlling for extraneous variables, experimental research can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

In summary, experimental research can determine causality because it involves manipulating variables to observe their effects, while correlational research cannot determine causality because it only shows relationships between variables without manipulation.

Question 4

Construct validity is present when

Accepted Answer

A)  a construct can be operationally defined. 
B)  a test distinguishes among criterion groups. 
C)  several research studies confirm the usefulness of the construct. 
D)  good measurement has been demonstrated. 
A)  a construct can be operationally defined. 
B)  a test distinguishes among criterion groups. 
C)  several research studies confirm the usefulness of the construct. 
D)  good measurement has been demonstrated.

Question 5

Personality dynamics includes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  adaptation to the environment 
B)  cognitive processes 
C)  cultural influence 
D)  all of the above 
A)  adaptation to the environment 
B)  cognitive processes 
C)  cultural influence 
D)  all of the above

Question 6

Theories that apply to only a narrow range of behavior are not

Accepted Answer

A)  comprehensive. 
B)  refutable. 
C)  scientific. 
D)  empirically verifiable. 
A)  comprehensive. 
B)  refutable. 
C)  scientific. 
D)  empirically verifiable.

Question 7

Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, described sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic __________ of personality.

Accepted Answer

A)  traits 
B)  types 
C)  dynamics 
D)  factors 
A)  traits 
B)  types 
C)  dynamics 
D)  factors

Question 8

A personality test which yields consistent scores on two occasions is said to be valid.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

To determine test-retest reliability, it is necessary to have two different forms of a test.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Writers and philosophers tell us about human nature. Why do we also need psychology?

Accepted Answer

A)  Writers and philosophers ignore human motivation. 
B)  Psychology allows a systematic understanding of human nature. 
C)  Psychology is concerned with values, which writers and philosophers ignore. 
D)  Writers and philosophers ignore maladjusted personalities. 
A)  Writers and philosophers ignore human motivation. 
B)  Psychology allows a systematic understanding of human nature. 
C)  Psychology is concerned with values, which writers and philosophers ignore. 
D)  Writers and philosophers ignore maladjusted personalities.

Question 11

The dependent variable corresponds to what a researcher thinks is the

Accepted Answer

A)  cause. 
B)  effect. 
C)  third variable. 
D)  uncontrollable factor. 
A)  cause. 
B)  effect. 
C)  third variable. 
D)  uncontrollable factor.

Question 12

A __________ is a conceptual tool for understanding certain specified phenomena.

Accepted Answer

A)  theoretical construct 
B)  psychological test 
C)  theory 
D)  variable 
A)  theoretical construct 
B)  psychological test 
C)  theory 
D)  variable

Question 13

Which of the following is not listed by the text as a criterion of a good theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  comprehensiveness 
B)  verifiability 
C)  applied value 
D)  consistency with human values 
A)  comprehensiveness 
B)  verifiability 
C)  applied value 
D)  consistency with human values

Question 14

If a test of academic ability given to high school students is correlated with grades during the freshman year at college, the test has

Accepted Answer

A)  construct validity. 
B)  test-retest reliability. 
C)  alternate forms reliability. 
D)  predictive validity. 
A)  construct validity. 
B)  test-retest reliability. 
C)  alternate forms reliability. 
D)  predictive validity.

Question 15

Operational definitions describe the practical applications of personality theory to improving the
human condition.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

In comparison to factors, traits refer to more __________ characteristics.

Accepted Answer

A)  socially desirable 
B)  broad 
C)  specific 
D)  changeable 
A)  socially desirable 
B)  broad 
C)  specific 
D)  changeable

Question 17

Personality psychologists, unlike clinical psychologists, are not concerned with adaptation and
adjustment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The idiographic approach studies one person at a time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Experimental research is the primary method for studying personality.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

A hypothesis is tested by

Accepted Answer

A)  logical reasoning. 
B)  reviewing the published literature. 
C)  conducting empirical research. 
D)  examining the results of several related studies. 
A)  logical reasoning. 
B)  reviewing the published literature. 
C)  conducting empirical research. 
D)  examining the results of several related studies.

One major division among theories, sometimes called the "two disciplines" or "two cultures" of psychology, is between

Which statement best describes personality research methods?

Explain the difference between correlational research and experimental research. One of these methods can determine causality and one cannot. Explain which can determine causality, which one cannot and why.

Construct validity is present when

Personality dynamics includes which of the following?

Theories that apply to only a narrow range of behavior are not

Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, described sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic __________ of personality.

A personality test which yields consistent scores on two occasions is said to be valid.

To determine test-retest reliability, it is necessary to have two different forms of a test.

Writers and philosophers tell us about human nature. Why do we also need psychology?

The dependent variable corresponds to what a researcher thinks is the

A __________ is a conceptual tool for understanding certain specified phenomena.

Which of the following is not listed by the text as a criterion of a good theory?

If a test of academic ability given to high school students is correlated with grades during the freshman year at college, the test has

Operational definitions describe the practical applications of personality theory to improving the human condition.

In comparison to factors, traits refer to more __________ characteristics.

Personality psychologists, unlike clinical psychologists, are not concerned with adaptation and adjustment.

The idiographic approach studies one person at a time.

Experimental research is the primary method for studying personality.

A hypothesis is tested by

Freud: Classical Psychoanalysis

Jung: Analytical Psychology

Adler: Individual Psychology

Erikson: Psychosocial Development

Horney and Relational Theory: Interpersonal Psychoanalytic Theory

Allport: Personological Trait Theory

Two Factor Analytic Trait Theories: Cattells 16 Factors and the Big Five

Biological Theories: Evolution, Genetics, and Biological Factor Theories

The Challenge of Behaviorism: Dollard and Miller, Skinner, and Staats

Kelly: Personal Construct Theory

Mischel: Traits in Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Bandura: Performance in Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Rogers: Person-Centered Theory

Maslow and His Legacy: Need Hierarchy Theory and Positive Psychology

Buddhist Psychology: Lessons From Eastern Culture

Conclusion

Filters

Exam 1: Introduction to Personality Theory

One major division among theories, sometimes called the "two disciplines" or "two cultures" of psychology, is between

Which statement best describes personality research methods?

Explain the difference between correlational research and experimental research. One of these methods can determine causality and one cannot. Explain which can determine causality, which one cannot and why.

Construct validity is present when

Personality dynamics includes which of the following?

Theories that apply to only a narrow range of behavior are not

Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, described sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic __________ of personality.

A personality test which yields consistent scores on two occasions is said to be valid.

To determine test-retest reliability, it is necessary to have two different forms of a test.

Writers and philosophers tell us about human nature. Why do we also need psychology?

The dependent variable corresponds to what a researcher thinks is the

A __________ is a conceptual tool for understanding certain specified phenomena.

Which of the following is not listed by the text as a criterion of a good theory?

If a test of academic ability given to high school students is correlated with grades during the freshman year at college, the test has

Operational definitions describe the practical applications of personality theory to improving the human condition.

In comparison to factors, traits refer to more __________ characteristics.

Personality psychologists, unlike clinical psychologists, are not concerned with adaptation and adjustment.

The idiographic approach studies one person at a time.

Experimental research is the primary method for studying personality.

A hypothesis is tested by

Freud: Classical Psychoanalysis

Jung: Analytical Psychology

Adler: Individual Psychology

Erikson: Psychosocial Development

Horney and Relational Theory: Interpersonal Psychoanalytic Theory

Allport: Personological Trait Theory

Two Factor Analytic Trait Theories: Cattells 16 Factors and the Big Five

Biological Theories: Evolution, Genetics, and Biological Factor Theories

The Challenge of Behaviorism: Dollard and Miller, Skinner, and Staats

Kelly: Personal Construct Theory

Mischel: Traits in Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Bandura: Performance in Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Rogers: Person-Centered Theory

Maslow and His Legacy: Need Hierarchy Theory and Positive Psychology

Buddhist Psychology: Lessons From Eastern Culture

Conclusion

Filters