Question 1

What is the somatic marker hypothesis? Describe a neuropsychological study-real or hypothetical-that would support or disprove the somatic marker hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The somatic marker hypothesis, proposed by Antonio Damasio, suggests that emotions play a critical role in decision-making and that bodily responses, or somatic markers, guide our choices. According to this hypothesis, when we are faced with a decision, our bodies generate emotional responses that help us evaluate the potential outcomes and make a choice.

To support or disprove the somatic marker hypothesis, a neuropsychological study could be conducted using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity in response to decision-making tasks. Participants could be asked to make decisions in a controlled environment while their brain activity is monitored. The study could then manipulate the participants' emotional states by inducing positive or negative emotions using visual or auditory stimuli.

If the somatic marker hypothesis is true, the fMRI scans would show that emotional responses are linked to specific brain regions involved in decision-making. Additionally, inducing positive or negative emotions should influence the participants' decision-making processes, as their somatic markers guide their choices. On the other hand, if the hypothesis is disproven, the fMRI scans would not show any consistent pattern of brain activity related to emotional responses during decision-making tasks, and inducing emotional states would not significantly impact the participants' decision-making.

By conducting such a study, researchers could provide evidence to either support or disprove the somatic marker hypothesis, shedding light on the role of emotions in decision-making and its underlying neural mechanisms.

Question 2

People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex tend to be ________ of their social mistakes in the moment,________ become embarrassed by them if they view a video of themselves after the fact.

Accepted Answer

A) aware / and they also 
B) aware / but they do not 
C) unaware / but they do 
D) unaware / and they do not 
A) aware / and they also 
B) aware / but they do not 
C) unaware / but they do 
D) unaware / and they do not C

Question 3

Functional MRI studies of ethical dilemmas suggest that ________ decisions recruit working memory processes,whereas ________ decisions recruit emotional and social cognitive processes.

Accepted Answer

A) personal / impersonal 
B) impersonal / personal 
C) moral / ethical 
D) ethical / moral 
A) personal / impersonal 
B) impersonal / personal 
C) moral / ethical 
D) ethical / moral B

Question 4

Stanley Klein and colleagues found that after rating a personality adjective for self-descriptiveness,participants were ________ to recall a time in which they exhibited the characteristic,suggesting that self-characteristics ________ linked to recall of specific past behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) faster / are 
B) slower / are not 
C) equally fast / are 
D) equally fast / are not 
A) faster / are 
B) slower / are not 
C) equally fast / are 
D) equally fast / are not

Question 5

Studies of the neural bases of autism have found that people with autism

Accepted Answer

A) have less activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus when performing theory of mind tasks. 
B) have smaller amygdalae in comparison to nonautistic people. 
C) do not significantly deactivate the medial prefrontal cortex when performing non-self-referential tasks. 
D) All of the above are true. 
A) have less activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus when performing theory of mind tasks. 
B) have smaller amygdalae in comparison to nonautistic people. 
C) do not significantly deactivate the medial prefrontal cortex when performing non-self-referential tasks. 
D) All of the above are true.

Question 6

The most common method for performing frontal lobotomies involved

Accepted Answer

A) pounding an ice pick through the eye sockets with a small hammer. 
B) administering a severe electric shock that was strong enough to damage the sensitive frontal cortex. 
C) injecting the person with a strong dose of L-dopa. 
D) deliberate damage to the posterior brain areas that were believed to be overactive. 
A) pounding an ice pick through the eye sockets with a small hammer. 
B) administering a severe electric shock that was strong enough to damage the sensitive frontal cortex. 
C) injecting the person with a strong dose of L-dopa. 
D) deliberate damage to the posterior brain areas that were believed to be overactive.

Question 7

The most salient symptom in people who have suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex is

Accepted Answer

A) inappropriate social behavior. 
B) aphasia. 
C) profound mental retardation. 
D) agnosia. 
A) inappropriate social behavior. 
B) aphasia. 
C) profound mental retardation. 
D) agnosia.

Question 8

Studies of the perception of the self and others have suggested that

Accepted Answer

A) similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others. 
B) similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others,if they are close. 
C) similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about others,regardless of whether they are close. 
D) three distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self,close others,and acquaintances. 
A) similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others. 
B) similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others,if they are close. 
C) similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about others,regardless of whether they are close. 
D) three distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self,close others,and acquaintances.

Question 9

Neuroeconomics is the field of philosophy that discusses the rights and wrongs of the treatment of or enhancement of the human brain.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Phineas Gage,who suffered injury to the orbitofrontal cortex,experienced changes in all of the following areas as a result of his injury EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) inhibition of inappropriate social behavior. 
B) performance on cognitive tests. 
C) planning of complex behaviors. 
D) personality and temperament. 
A) inhibition of inappropriate social behavior. 
B) performance on cognitive tests. 
C) planning of complex behaviors. 
D) personality and temperament.

Question 11

Simulation theory suggests that theory of mind is based on an ability to put ourselves in the shoes of another person,using our own minds to simulate what might be going on in the mind of someone else.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

A traumatic brain injury in which impact causes the brain to bounce against the back of the skull and then rebound is known as a ________ injury.

Accepted Answer

A) coup de foudre 
B) coup de main 
C) coup-contra-coup 
D) coup d'oeil 
A) coup de foudre 
B) coup de main 
C) coup-contra-coup 
D) coup d'oeil

Question 13

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a strong role in forming impressions about the internal states of other people.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

What do mentalizing tasks have in common with attentional cuing tasks?

Accepted Answer

A) Both tasks have strong social cognition components. 
B) Both tasks strongly engage the right anterior cingulate. 
C) Both tasks require that participants direct their attention away from invalid information. 
D) Both b and c are true. 
A) Both tasks have strong social cognition components. 
B) Both tasks strongly engage the right anterior cingulate. 
C) Both tasks require that participants direct their attention away from invalid information. 
D) Both b and c are true.

Question 15

People with retrograde and anterograde amnesia are ________ to maintain a sense of self because our judgments about self-characteristics are ________ recall of specific past behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) able / dependent on 
B) able / not linked to 
C) not able / dependent on 
D) not able / not linked to 
A) able / dependent on 
B) able / not linked to 
C) not able / dependent on 
D) not able / not linked to

Question 16

A person with a frontal lobe injury is brought into a doctor's office that contains a typewriter and paper.The person immediately sits down,loads the typewriter with paper,and begins typing.Which term best describes this situation?

Accepted Answer

A) Imitative behavior 
B) Utilization behavior 
C) Executive impairment 
D) Working memory impairment 
A) Imitative behavior 
B) Utilization behavior 
C) Executive impairment 
D) Working memory impairment

Question 17

In the experimental economics task known as the Ultimatum Game,one participant must choose how to split a sum of money with another player.The second player can choose to accept the offer-or to reject it,upon which neither player receives anything.Consideration of unfair offers is associated with activity in the ________,an area that has been associated with disgust.

Accepted Answer

A) superior temporal sulcus 
B) orbitofrontal cortex 
C) cingulate cortex 
D) insula 
A) superior temporal sulcus 
B) orbitofrontal cortex 
C) cingulate cortex 
D) insula

Question 18

Autistic children are likely to report that ______ when performing the Sally-Anne Task.

Accepted Answer

A) Sally will look in the location in which Anne has put the marble 
B) Sally will look in the location where she originally put the marble 
C) Sally will move the marble back to its original location 
D) Sally will prefer to focus on her own thoughts and not look for the marble 
A) Sally will look in the location in which Anne has put the marble 
B) Sally will look in the location where she originally put the marble 
C) Sally will move the marble back to its original location 
D) Sally will prefer to focus on her own thoughts and not look for the marble

Question 19

Phineas Gage was a famous neurological patient who suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Functional MRI and ERP studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex may be involved in tasks requiring

Accepted Answer

A) hierarchical processing. 
B) self-referential processing. 
C) emotional memory. 
D) perceptual memory. 
A) hierarchical processing. 
B) self-referential processing. 
C) emotional memory. 
D) perceptual memory.

What is the somatic marker hypothesis? Describe a neuropsychological study-real or hypothetical-that would support or disprove the somatic marker hypothesis.

People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex tend to be of their social mistakes in the moment, become embarrassed by them if they view a video of themselves after the fact.

Functional MRI studies of ethical dilemmas suggest that decisions recruit working memory processes,whereas decisions recruit emotional and social cognitive processes.

Stanley Klein and colleagues found that after rating a personality adjective for self-descriptiveness,participants were to recall a time in which they exhibited the characteristic,suggesting that self-characteristics linked to recall of specific past behaviors.

Studies of the neural bases of autism have found that people with autism

The most common method for performing frontal lobotomies involved

The most salient symptom in people who have suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex is

Studies of the perception of the self and others have suggested that

Neuroeconomics is the field of philosophy that discusses the rights and wrongs of the treatment of or enhancement of the human brain.

Phineas Gage,who suffered injury to the orbitofrontal cortex,experienced changes in all of the following areas as a result of his injury EXCEPT

Simulation theory suggests that theory of mind is based on an ability to put ourselves in the shoes of another person,using our own minds to simulate what might be going on in the mind of someone else.

A traumatic brain injury in which impact causes the brain to bounce against the back of the skull and then rebound is known as a ________ injury.

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a strong role in forming impressions about the internal states of other people.

What do mentalizing tasks have in common with attentional cuing tasks?

People with retrograde and anterograde amnesia are to maintain a sense of self because our judgments about self-characteristics are recall of specific past behaviors.

A person with a frontal lobe injury is brought into a doctor's office that contains a typewriter and paper.The person immediately sits down,loads the typewriter with paper,and begins typing.Which term best describes this situation?

Autistic children are likely to report that ______ when performing the Sally-Anne Task.

Phineas Gage was a famous neurological patient who suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.

Functional MRI and ERP studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex may be involved in tasks requiring

A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience

Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition

Neuroanatomy and Development

Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

Sensation and Perception

Object Recognition

The Control of Action

Learning and Memory

Emotion

Language

Hemispheric Specialization

Attention and Consciousness

Cognitive Control

Evolutionary Perspectives

Filters

Exam 14: Social Cognition

What is the somatic marker hypothesis? Describe a neuropsychological study-real or hypothetical-that would support or disprove the somatic marker hypothesis.

People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex tend to be ________ of their social mistakes in the moment,________ become embarrassed by them if they view a video of themselves after the fact.

Functional MRI studies of ethical dilemmas suggest that ________ decisions recruit working memory processes,whereas ________ decisions recruit emotional and social cognitive processes.

Stanley Klein and colleagues found that after rating a personality adjective for self-descriptiveness,participants were ________ to recall a time in which they exhibited the characteristic,suggesting that self-characteristics ________ linked to recall of specific past behaviors.

Studies of the neural bases of autism have found that people with autism

The most common method for performing frontal lobotomies involved

The most salient symptom in people who have suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex is

Studies of the perception of the self and others have suggested that

Neuroeconomics is the field of philosophy that discusses the rights and wrongs of the treatment of or enhancement of the human brain.

Phineas Gage,who suffered injury to the orbitofrontal cortex,experienced changes in all of the following areas as a result of his injury EXCEPT

Simulation theory suggests that theory of mind is based on an ability to put ourselves in the shoes of another person,using our own minds to simulate what might be going on in the mind of someone else.

A traumatic brain injury in which impact causes the brain to bounce against the back of the skull and then rebound is known as a ________ injury.

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a strong role in forming impressions about the internal states of other people.

What do mentalizing tasks have in common with attentional cuing tasks?

People with retrograde and anterograde amnesia are ________ to maintain a sense of self because our judgments about self-characteristics are ________ recall of specific past behaviors.

A person with a frontal lobe injury is brought into a doctor's office that contains a typewriter and paper.The person immediately sits down,loads the typewriter with paper,and begins typing.Which term best describes this situation?

Autistic children are likely to report that ______ when performing the Sally-Anne Task.

Phineas Gage was a famous neurological patient who suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.

Functional MRI and ERP studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex may be involved in tasks requiring

A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience

Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition

Neuroanatomy and Development

Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

Sensation and Perception

Object Recognition

The Control of Action

Learning and Memory

Emotion

Language

Hemispheric Specialization

Attention and Consciousness

Cognitive Control

Evolutionary Perspectives

Filters

People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex tend to be of their social mistakes in the moment, become embarrassed by them if they view a video of themselves after the fact.

Functional MRI studies of ethical dilemmas suggest that decisions recruit working memory processes,whereas decisions recruit emotional and social cognitive processes.

Stanley Klein and colleagues found that after rating a personality adjective for self-descriptiveness,participants were to recall a time in which they exhibited the characteristic,suggesting that self-characteristics linked to recall of specific past behaviors.

People with retrograde and anterograde amnesia are to maintain a sense of self because our judgments about self-characteristics are recall of specific past behaviors.