Exam 1: The Study of Human Development.

One of the main challenges of a cross-sectional research is the appearance of _______________ effects, which refer to differences between age groups that are caused by environmental, rather than developmental, factors.

The biopsychosocial model emphasizes that many different forces interact with each other in order to make up development.

Prenatal development, brain maturation, puberty, and menopause are all examples of ____ forces.​

In an experiment, the dependent variable is the behavior that is being

The first of Piaget's four proposed stages of cognitive development, occurring in infancy, is called the _______________ stage.

If you wanted to do research that specifically sought to uncover the reasons for various aspects of behavior and you wanted to study a small number of individuals very intensively over a prolonged period of time, you would most likely conduct _______________ studies.

Regarding comprehensive theories that guide all research in the field of human development, which of the following is the most accurate statement?

Which of the following is NOT one of the problems associated with using photographs to measure children's understanding of emotions?

Research has conclusively found that nature has a significantly greater effect on development than does nurture across nearly all behaviors and characteristics.

Which approach to studying development is not often used but offers a potentially powerful approach to understanding issues such as age-related changes in brain functioning?

As Florence gets older, passing her 50s and 60s, she finds that she has become more patient, less emotional, and finds it easier to deal with the challenges of life. At the same time, she is acutely aware that her physical functioning has declined, her eyesight is becoming problematic, and she now requires the use of a hearing aid. Florence's various changes demonstrate Baltes's feature of

Demonstrate and understanding of operant conditioning by differentiating between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the _______________ refers to social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence their development.

Salem has decided to do a correlational study on the relationship between parental smoking and the cognitive performance of their children. How might this research be conducted? What are the major disadvantages of this type of research approach?

A ____ is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.

The independent variable in an experiment is the condition that is observed by the researcher, while the dependent variable in an experiment is the condition that is manipulated by the researcher.

Which of the following research methods combines the aspects of both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs?

Marcia has started to have difficulty with her nighttime vision, and thus has decided that it is better if she no longer drives after dusk, except in emergency situations. She has asked her friends, with whom she often gets together, if they would mind either (a) getting together at her house more often than normal, or (b) if one of them would mind giving her regular rides to other social events that take place at night. Marcia's behaviors best demonstrate which model of human development?

Use the biopsychosocial framework to describe four factors that could be important in the development of parenting skills.

As a part of informed consent, each participant in a research study must be told what the research entails and any _______________ to which they might be exposed.