Exam 3: Classical, Neoclassical, and Rational-Choice Theories

Cesare Beccaria believed that ___________ offended society because they broke the social contract, resulting in an infringement on others' freedom.

According to Cesare Beccaria, the term '___________ deterrence' means using the punishment of one individual to discourage others from committing crime.

Cesare Beccaria argued that if punishments are to be an effective deterrent in individual calculations, they must be severe, which refers to a high chance of apprehension and punishment.

According to Cesare Beccaria, '___________ deterrence' encourages each individual to calculate the costs of committing the crime.

Please compare and contrast the respectable poor and the unrespectable poor in the Classical era. What were any similarities and/or differences between these groups?

Jeremy Bentham was responsible for designing the ultimate disciplinary prison. This ___________ was a circular structure organized so that a guard in the center could see into each cell without being seen by the prisoner.

The term general deterrence refers to the encouragement of each individual to calculate the costs of committing the crime.

___________ challenged the prevailing idea that humans are predestined to fill particular social statuses. Instead, he claimed, they are born as free, equal, and rational individuals having both natural rights as well as natural qualities, such as the freedom to reason and the ability to choose actions that are in their own best interests.

During the Classical era, the '___________ poor' were seen as the responsibility of the more fortunate and would be segregated by their class and condition and given immediate assistance.

Jeremy Bentham saw law's purpose as increasing the total happiness of the community by excluding 'mischief ' and promoting pleasure and security.

According to rational choice theory, potential offenders use free will and weigh the perceived costs against the potential benefits from committing crimes. This weighing is called _____________.

Cesare Beccaria believed that government was not the automatic right of the rich. Rather, it was created through a ____________ in which free, rational individuals sacrificed part of their freedom to the state to maintain peace and security on behalf of the common good.

According to Cesare Beccaria, the principle of ___________ refers to the belief that individual rights have priority over the interests of society or the state.

Jeremy Bentham offered the notion of the '__________, or felicity, calculus' as an explanation for people's actions. This calculus states that people act to increase positive results through their pursuit of pleasure and to reduce negative outcomes through the avoidance of pain.

Cesare Beccaria's principle of the presumption of innocence was designed to protect individual rights against excessive state power or corrupt officials. What were the procedural elements deemed necessary for a system of justice to ensure this protection?

Cesare Beccaria believed that crimes offended society because they broke the social contract, resulting in an infringement on others' freedom.

Cesare Beccaria's principle of the presumption of ____________, designed to protect individual rights against excessive state power or corrupt officials.

During the Classical era, the primary focus of utilitarian philosophers was to transform arbitrary criminal justice into a fair, equal, and humanitarian system.

In the Classical era, the 'respectable poor,' which included vagabonds, tramps, rogues, and dissolute women, were described as worthless, and were to be punished with imprisonment and whipping before being trained for honest work.

According to Cesare Beccaria, in order for deterrence to work, three things must occur: certainty, severity, and celerity. Please compare and contrast each of these concepts.