Question 1

In what way did Sultan Selim III's attempts to reform the Ottoman military lead to his overthrow?

Accepted Answer

The decree of deposition accused Selim III of failing to respect Islam and the Ottoman tradition. The formation and expansion of the nizam-i jedid aroused active opposition from the elements of Ottoman society that had benefited from the decline of central authority. From the start of Selim's reign, the Janissaries had viewed his entire program of military reform as a threat to their independence, and they refused to serve alongside the new army in the field. The powerful derebeys were alarmed that the sultan financed his new forces by confiscating timars and directing the revenue toward the nizam-i jedid. Further opposition came from the ulama and other members of the ruling elite who objected to the European-style military reforms.

Question 2

In 1832, Greece was declared an independent state under the protection of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Britain 
B)  Russia 
C)  France 
D)  All of these answers are correct 
A)  Britain 
B)  Russia 
C)  France 
D)  All of these answers are correct D

Question 3

Which of the following most accurately describes the fellahin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Native Egyptian peasants, conscripted by Muhammad Ali in a comparable manner to that of the nizam-i jedid 
B)  Troops imported from Sudan into Egypt by Muhammad Ali 
C)  Troops derived from Greek converts to Islam in a renewed system based off of the original devshirme 
D)  Troops from Muhammad Ali's native Albania 
A)  Native Egyptian peasants, conscripted by Muhammad Ali in a comparable manner to that of the nizam-i jedid 
B)  Troops imported from Sudan into Egypt by Muhammad Ali 
C)  Troops derived from Greek converts to Islam in a renewed system based off of the original devshirme 
D)  Troops from Muhammad Ali's native Albania A

Question 4

Why were the British so concerned about the alliance between Mahmud II and the Russians, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because it would likely increase Russian influence in Istanbul. 
B)  Because the Russians would join with Mahmud II to defeat Muhammad Ali, a British ally, in battle 
C)  Because the Russians would help Mahmud II stymie further nationalist movements in the Balkans 
D)  None of these answers is correct. 
A)  Because it would likely increase Russian influence in Istanbul. 
B)  Because the Russians would join with Mahmud II to defeat Muhammad Ali, a British ally, in battle 
C)  Because the Russians would help Mahmud II stymie further nationalist movements in the Balkans 
D)  None of these answers is correct.

Question 5

In what way did Sultan Selim III's attempts to reform the Ottoman military lead to wider implications for the empire?

Accepted Answer

Sultan Selim III's attempts to reform th

Question 6

How did Sultan Mahmud II avoid the fate of Sultan Selim III, who was overthrown by a derebey-ulama-Janissary coalition?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How did Sultan Mahmud II avoid the...

Question 7

Sultan Mahmud II called upon the nizam-i jedid to end the Greek rebellion.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

With whom did Muhammad Ali (the Ottoman governor of Egypt) fill the ranks of his new army?

Accepted Answer

A)  conquered Sudanese 
B)  Egyptian peasants 
C)  European slaves 
D)  freeborn Muslims 
A)  conquered Sudanese 
B)  Egyptian peasants 
C)  European slaves 
D)  freeborn Muslims

Question 9

When Muhammad Ali sent his son Ibrahim to command the Egyptian forces in 1811, it was because __________________ had captured the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Muhammad Ali sent his son Ibrahim...

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the nizam-i jedid (the new order)?

Accepted Answer

A)  A fighting force created by Sultan Selim III's composed of Turkish peasants from Anatolia 
B)  Muhammad Ali's professional army composed of Egyptian fellahin 
C)  Sultan Selim III's initiative to create a new class of professional Ottoman diplomats who would be stationed throughout Europe 
D)  Muhammad Ali's program to create a professional class of bureaucrats drawn exclusively from his Egyptian subjects 
A)  A fighting force created by Sultan Selim III's composed of Turkish peasants from Anatolia 
B)  Muhammad Ali's professional army composed of Egyptian fellahin 
C)  Sultan Selim III's initiative to create a new class of professional Ottoman diplomats who would be stationed throughout Europe 
D)  Muhammad Ali's program to create a professional class of bureaucrats drawn exclusively from his Egyptian subjects

Question 11

The defeat at __________________ prompted Muhammad Ali to withdraw from Greece.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The defeat at __________________ prompted Muhammad Ali...

Question 12

What marked a significant break in the relationship between the Ottoman ruling elite and the Greek elite in Istanbul?

Accepted Answer

A)  The executions of Mamluk leaders. 
B)  The execution of Muhammad Ali 
C)  The executions of the patriarch of the Greek Orthodox church and the chief dragoman 
D)  The execution of Sultan Mahmud II 
A)  The executions of Mamluk leaders. 
B)  The execution of Muhammad Ali 
C)  The executions of the patriarch of the Greek Orthodox church and the chief dragoman 
D)  The execution of Sultan Mahmud II

Question 13

Which of the following was NOT a reform implemented in the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Selim III?

Accepted Answer

A)  the dissolution of the Janissaries 
B)  the purchase of new European weaponry 
C)  raised salaries and better living conditions for the Janissaries 
D)  the creation of a new infantry corps called the nizam-i jedid 
A)  the dissolution of the Janissaries 
B)  the purchase of new European weaponry 
C)  raised salaries and better living conditions for the Janissaries 
D)  the creation of a new infantry corps called the nizam-i jedid

Question 14

Both Muhammad Ali and Mahmud II established officer training schools with European instructors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

What did French uniforms for his army and the fez and frock coat uniform among the bureaucracy represent for Mahmud II?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What did French uniforms for his army...

Question 16

Sultan Selim III was able to successfully integrate his new infantry corps-the nizam-i jedid-with the existing armed forces during his reign over the Ottoman Empire.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Compare and contrast the reform efforts of the Ottoman Empire and Egypt in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

Accepted Answer

The reform efforts of the Ottoman Empire

Question 18

How did the new ideology of nationalism threaten the Ottoman Empire?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How did the new ideology of nationalism...

Question 19

Which of the following was NOT implemented by Mahmud II?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bribing and later eliminating Janissaries 
B)  Beginning the process of centralizing religious institutions and finances 
C)  Founded an official gazette to become the first newspaper published in Ottoman Turkish 
D)  All of these answers are correct 
A)  Bribing and later eliminating Janissaries 
B)  Beginning the process of centralizing religious institutions and finances 
C)  Founded an official gazette to become the first newspaper published in Ottoman Turkish 
D)  All of these answers are correct

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT true of Muhammad Ali?

Accepted Answer

A)  He was native Egyptian 
B)  It was his goal to transform Egypt into an independent state 
C)  He brought about the first Arabic-language newspaper, al-Waqai al-Misriyyah in 1828 
D)  He established the School of Languages in 1835 
A)  He was native Egyptian 
B)  It was his goal to transform Egypt into an independent state 
C)  He brought about the first Arabic-language newspaper, al-Waqai al-Misriyyah in 1828 
D)  He established the School of Languages in 1835

Exam 4: Forging a New Synthesis: the Pattern of Reforms, 17891849

In what way did Sultan Selim III's attempts to reform the Ottoman military lead to his overthrow?

In 1832, Greece was declared an independent state under the protection of __________.

Which of the following most accurately describes the fellahin?

Why were the British so concerned about the alliance between Mahmud II and the Russians, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi?

In what way did Sultan Selim III's attempts to reform the Ottoman military lead to wider implications for the empire?

How did Sultan Mahmud II avoid the fate of Sultan Selim III, who was overthrown by a derebey-ulama-Janissary coalition?

Sultan Mahmud II called upon the nizam-i jedid to end the Greek rebellion.

With whom did Muhammad Ali (the Ottoman governor of Egypt) fill the ranks of his new army?

When Muhammad Ali sent his son Ibrahim to command the Egyptian forces in 1811, it was because __________________ had captured the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.

Which of the following best describes the nizam-i jedid (the new order)?

The defeat at __________________ prompted Muhammad Ali to withdraw from Greece.

What marked a significant break in the relationship between the Ottoman ruling elite and the Greek elite in Istanbul?

Which of the following was NOT a reform implemented in the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Selim III?

Both Muhammad Ali and Mahmud II established officer training schools with European instructors.

What did French uniforms for his army and the fez and frock coat uniform among the bureaucracy represent for Mahmud II?

Sultan Selim III was able to successfully integrate his new infantry corps-the nizam-i jedid-with the existing armed forces during his reign over the Ottoman Empire.

Compare and contrast the reform efforts of the Ottoman Empire and Egypt in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

How did the new ideology of nationalism threaten the Ottoman Empire?

Which of the following was NOT implemented by Mahmud II?

Which of the following is NOT true of Muhammad Ali?

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