Question 1

How did Mahmud II attempt to limit the power of the ulama?

Accepted Answer

A)  By making the chief religious office a part of the state bureaucracy. 
B)  By creating the Ministry of Religious Endowments to regulate waqf revenues 
C)  Mahmud II bureaucratized the chief religious office and created the Ministry of Religious Endowments to regulate waqf 
D)  None of these answers is correct 
A)  By making the chief religious office a part of the state bureaucracy. 
B)  By creating the Ministry of Religious Endowments to regulate waqf revenues 
C)  Mahmud II bureaucratized the chief religious office and created the Ministry of Religious Endowments to regulate waqf 
D)  None of these answers is correct

Question 2

Which of the following most accurately describes "the French knowers?"

Accepted Answer

A)  The elite that emerged under Sultan Mahmud II who were trained in translation offices, European embassies, and military academies 
B)  The elite class of bureaucrats who emerged under Muhammad Ali who were fluent in European systems of governance 
C)  The Europeans who Muhammad Ali brought to Egypt to help train his army in European military tactics 
D)  The official court translators from Christian Millets, drawn most prominently from the Istanbul Greek community 
A)  The elite that emerged under Sultan Mahmud II who were trained in translation offices, European embassies, and military academies 
B)  The elite class of bureaucrats who emerged under Muhammad Ali who were fluent in European systems of governance 
C)  The Europeans who Muhammad Ali brought to Egypt to help train his army in European military tactics 
D)  The official court translators from Christian Millets, drawn most prominently from the Istanbul Greek community

Question 3

How did Muhammad Ali attempt to build a self-sufficient Egyptian economy that would not be subordinate to that of Europe?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How did Muhammad Ali attempt to build...

Question 4

Which of the following was Muhammad Ali's most enduring legacy?

Accepted Answer

A)  The centralization of the bureaucracy 
B)  The use of the corvée 
C)  Demilitarization 
D)  Egyptian nationalism 
A)  The centralization of the bureaucracy 
B)  The use of the corvée 
C)  Demilitarization 
D)  Egyptian nationalism

Question 5

__________________ is the property or other revenue-yielding source endowed for a religious institution or charity that is exempt from taxation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________________ is the property or other revenue-yielding...

Question 6

Briefly describe how Muhammad Ali transformed Egypt from a subordinate province of the Ottoman Empire into a fledgling state.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe how Muhammad Ali transformed Egypt...

Question 7

Which of the following benefited from the iltizam taxation system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Members of the ulama 
B)  Mamluks 
C)  Individual tax farmers acting as intermediaries between the central Ottoman state and peasants 
D)  All of these answers are correct 
A)  Members of the ulama 
B)  Mamluks 
C)  Individual tax farmers acting as intermediaries between the central Ottoman state and peasants 
D)  All of these answers are correct

Question 8

Jumel cotton became Egypt's most lucrative cash crop under Muhammad Ali's regime.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which of the following is true of Egypt's invasion of Syria?

Accepted Answer

A)  The invasion was in part motivated by Egypt's need to obtain raw materials that were lacking in its own territory 
B)  It triggered a European response 
C)  The expedition was led by Ibrahim 
D)  All of these answers are correct 
A)  The invasion was in part motivated by Egypt's need to obtain raw materials that were lacking in its own territory 
B)  It triggered a European response 
C)  The expedition was led by Ibrahim 
D)  All of these answers are correct

Question 10

What was Muhammad Ali's motivation for destroying the Mamluks, and how did he accomplish this?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What was Muhammad Ali's motivation for destroying...

Question 11

Which of the following explains the significance of the Balta Liman Treaty of 1838?

Accepted Answer

A)  Provided for the abolition of all monopolies within Ottoman territory, and granted foreign goods entry at the favorable tariff rate of 3% 
B)  The Ottomans agreed to this with the adamant persuasion of the British 
C)  This, along with the Capitulations, facilitated Ottoman territories' economic dependence upon Europe for manufactured goods 
D)  All of these answers are correct 
A)  Provided for the abolition of all monopolies within Ottoman territory, and granted foreign goods entry at the favorable tariff rate of 3% 
B)  The Ottomans agreed to this with the adamant persuasion of the British 
C)  This, along with the Capitulations, facilitated Ottoman territories' economic dependence upon Europe for manufactured goods 
D)  All of these answers are correct

Question 12

How did the Greek Revolt (1821-1829) play into European diplomatic rivalries?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How did the Greek Revolt (1821-1829) play...

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of ways Muhammad Ali went about building an European-style army?

Accepted Answer

A)  He ordered the massacre of leading Mamluks 
B)  He sent serval training missions to France 
C)  He invaded Sudan in the hopes of gaining troops 
D)  All of these are ways that Muhammad Ali used to try and build his army 
A)  He ordered the massacre of leading Mamluks 
B)  He sent serval training missions to France 
C)  He invaded Sudan in the hopes of gaining troops 
D)  All of these are ways that Muhammad Ali used to try and build his army

Question 14

What forces deposed Sultan Selim III in 1806?

Accepted Answer

A)  members of the nizam-i jedid 
B)  dragomans from the Greek community 
C)  European representatives in Istanbul 
D)  members of the ulama, powerful derebeys, and the Janissaries 
A)  members of the nizam-i jedid 
B)  dragomans from the Greek community 
C)  European representatives in Istanbul 
D)  members of the ulama, powerful derebeys, and the Janissaries

Question 15

Which of the following was NOT a result of the signing of the Treaty of London?

Accepted Answer

A)  Egypt reduced its armed forces 
B)  Egypt withdrew from all occupied territories save for Sudan 
C)  The governorship of Egypt would become a hereditary office held by Muhammad Ali's family 
D)  Egypt gained complete independence 
A)  Egypt reduced its armed forces 
B)  Egypt withdrew from all occupied territories save for Sudan 
C)  The governorship of Egypt would become a hereditary office held by Muhammad Ali's family 
D)  Egypt gained complete independence

Question 16

What impact did Muhammad Ali's policy toward waqfs have for the ulama and the state?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What impact did Muhammad Ali's policy toward...

Question 17

Muhammad Ali's political objective was to return Egypt to the control of the Ottoman Empire.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The central principle of the ideology of __________________ is that peoples speaking the same language and holding shared memories of a common past should form distinct political states.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The central principle of the ideology of...

Question 19

Which of the following most accurately describes waqf?

Accepted Answer

A)  A tax farming system in which tax farmers remit a fixed annual sum to the treasury and retain the surplus they collect 
B)  A shari'ah approved practice allowing income from designated property to be set aside in perpetuity for charitable purposes 
C)  A land holding system in which land was shared and rotated by the members of a community to mitigate risk 
D)  A fixed, per annum income that is collected by the ulama for lands that they lease for agricultural production 
A)  A tax farming system in which tax farmers remit a fixed annual sum to the treasury and retain the surplus they collect 
B)  A shari'ah approved practice allowing income from designated property to be set aside in perpetuity for charitable purposes 
C)  A land holding system in which land was shared and rotated by the members of a community to mitigate risk 
D)  A fixed, per annum income that is collected by the ulama for lands that they lease for agricultural production

Question 20

Throughout the Ottoman Empire, court translators were often __________________ because educated, high-ranking Ottoman officials did not believe it was necessary to learn European languages.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Throughout the Ottoman Empire, court translators were...

Exam 4: Forging a New Synthesis: the Pattern of Reforms, 17891849

How did Mahmud II attempt to limit the power of the ulama?

Which of the following most accurately describes "the French knowers?"

How did Muhammad Ali attempt to build a self-sufficient Egyptian economy that would not be subordinate to that of Europe?

Which of the following was Muhammad Ali's most enduring legacy?

__________________ is the property or other revenue-yielding source endowed for a religious institution or charity that is exempt from taxation.

Briefly describe how Muhammad Ali transformed Egypt from a subordinate province of the Ottoman Empire into a fledgling state.

Which of the following benefited from the iltizam taxation system?

Jumel cotton became Egypt's most lucrative cash crop under Muhammad Ali's regime.

Which of the following is true of Egypt's invasion of Syria?

What was Muhammad Ali's motivation for destroying the Mamluks, and how did he accomplish this?

Which of the following explains the significance of the Balta Liman Treaty of 1838?

How did the Greek Revolt (1821-1829) play into European diplomatic rivalries?

Which of the following is NOT one of ways Muhammad Ali went about building an European-style army?

What forces deposed Sultan Selim III in 1806?

Which of the following was NOT a result of the signing of the Treaty of London?

What impact did Muhammad Ali's policy toward waqfs have for the ulama and the state?

Muhammad Ali's political objective was to return Egypt to the control of the Ottoman Empire.

The central principle of the ideology of __________________ is that peoples speaking the same language and holding shared memories of a common past should form distinct political states.

Which of the following most accurately describes waqf?

Throughout the Ottoman Empire, court translators were often __________________ because educated, high-ranking Ottoman officials did not believe it was necessary to learn European languages.

The Rise and Expansion of Islam

The Development of Islamic Civilization to the Fifteenth Century

The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: a New Imperial Synthesis

The Ottoman Empire and Egypt During the Era of the Tanzimat

Egypt and Iran in the Late Nineteenth Century

The Response of Islamic Society

The Era of the Young Turks and the Iranian Constitutionalists

World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order

Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran

The Arab Struggle for Independence: Egypt, Iraq, and Transjordan From the Interwar Era to 1945

The Arab Struggle for Independence: Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia From the Interwar Era to 1945

The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel

Democracy and Authoritarianism: Turkey and Iran

The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: the Egyptian Base

The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: the Radicalization of Arab Politics

Israel and the Palestinians From 1948 to the 1970s

The Iranian Revolution and the Revival of Islam

Changing Patterns of War and Peace: Egypt and Lebanon in the 1970s and 1980s

The Arabian Peninsula in the Petroleum Era

The Consolidation of the Authoritarian Rule in Syria and Iraq: the Regimes of Hafiz Al-Asad and Saddam Husayn

The Palestinian Intifada and the 1991 Gulf War

A Peace so Near, a Peace so Far: Israeli-Palestinian Relations Since the 1991 Gulf War

Patterns of Continuity and Change in Turkey, Iran, and Lebanon

Americas Troubled Moment in the Middle East

The 2011 Arab Uprisings

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