Question 1

What does short-term reliability mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  Given similar testing conditions, an infant will respond similarly on two occasions spaced closely in time. 
B)  An infant will maintain his or her behavior until toddlerhood. 
C)  A paradigm can be used for infants at various ages but not for older children. 
D)  An experimental measure that can be used multiple times within the first year of life. 
A)  Given similar testing conditions, an infant will respond similarly on two occasions spaced closely in time. 
B)  An infant will maintain his or her behavior until toddlerhood. 
C)  A paradigm can be used for infants at various ages but not for older children. 
D)  An experimental measure that can be used multiple times within the first year of life. A

Question 2

Describe the violation-of-expectation paradigm and how it can be used to disprove Piaget's stage theory.

Accepted Answer

Violation-of-expectation - infants look longer at unexpected events; e.g., object permanence experiment by Baillargeon, Spelke, and Wasserman (1985)

Question 3

Sam is sitting in his high chair and one after the other drops his spoon, his sippy cup, his toy, and his jar of apple sauce to observe the effect. This is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A)  Reflexive scheme. 
B)  Primary circular reaction. 
C)  Secondary circular reaction. 
D)  Tertiary circular reaction. 
A)  Reflexive scheme. 
B)  Primary circular reaction. 
C)  Secondary circular reaction. 
D)  Tertiary circular reaction. D

Question 4

When do infants start to imitate other people?

Accepted Answer

A)  Right after birth. 
B)  At around 3 months. 
C)  At around 6 months. 
D)  Not until 12 months. 
A)  Right after birth. 
B)  At around 3 months. 
C)  At around 6 months. 
D)  Not until 12 months.

Question 5

What are schemes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ways of acting on the world. 
B)  Central nervous structures that produce motor activities. 
C)  Physical activity. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  Ways of acting on the world. 
B)  Central nervous structures that produce motor activities. 
C)  Physical activity. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 6

What might be a reason for the low predictive validity of the BSID for later IQ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infant items on the BSID tap into different constructs than childhood items. 
B)  The BSID lacks internal validity. 
C)  Infant items on the BSID are not difficult enough. 
D)  The BSID lacks face validity. 
A)  Infant items on the BSID tap into different constructs than childhood items. 
B)  The BSID lacks internal validity. 
C)  Infant items on the BSID are not difficult enough. 
D)  The BSID lacks face validity.

Question 7

Explain classical conditioning and give an example of how it has been used to assess learning in infancy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain classical conditioning and give an example...

Question 8

Which statement best summarizes Piaget's notion of the acquisition of knowledge?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children learn through action rather than passive observation. 
B)  Children learn best through observation of adults. 
C)  Children do not need to acquire any knowledge because they already know the necessary concepts from birth. 
D)  Children learn best through observation of peers. 
A)  Children learn through action rather than passive observation. 
B)  Children learn best through observation of adults. 
C)  Children do not need to acquire any knowledge because they already know the necessary concepts from birth. 
D)  Children learn best through observation of peers.

Question 9

According to Piaget's theory, egocentric bias refers to the fact that the young child

Accepted Answer

A)  Is innately self-centered and selfish. 
B)  Has no object permanence. 
C)  Can only take one point of view. 
D)  Has mastered complex instrumental behavior. 
A)  Is innately self-centered and selfish. 
B)  Has no object permanence. 
C)  Can only take one point of view. 
D)  Has mastered complex instrumental behavior.

Question 10

According to nativists and empiricists, which of the following is true about mental representations?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are the residues of sensation. 
B)  They reflect the ability to think about people but not objects. 
C)  They require the internalization of motor activity. 
D)  None of the above. 
A)  They are the residues of sensation. 
B)  They reflect the ability to think about people but not objects. 
C)  They require the internalization of motor activity. 
D)  None of the above.

Question 11

According to Vygotsky, what is the crucial factor for an infant's development?

Accepted Answer

A)  The infant's age. 
B)  The infant's interactions with others. 
C)  The infant's self-initiated actions. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  The infant's age. 
B)  The infant's interactions with others. 
C)  The infant's self-initiated actions. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 12

In a study by Baillargeon and colleagues, 9-month-old infants watched an experimenter either lower a tall object inside a short container until it became fully hidden (containment condition) or lower a short cover over the same object until it became fully hidden (covering condition). The infants detected the violation in the containment but not the covering condition. However, at 12 months of age, infants also succeeded in the covering condition. What do these findings tell us about infants' understanding of the physical world? How do they relate to Piaget's stage theory?

Accepted Answer

@#LAT-DLM&These results indicate that infants do n

Question 13

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  In classical conditioning, a signal is placed before the reflex; in operant conditioning, a reinforcing or punishing signal is given after the behavior. 
B)  In classical conditioning, a signal is placed after the behavior; in operant conditioning, a reinforcing or punishing signal is given before the behavior. 
C)  In classical conditioning, a signal is placed between two behaviors; in operant conditioning, two contradictory signals are given before and after the behavior. 
D)  In classical conditioning, two reinforcing signals are placed before and after the reflex; in operant conditioning, a reinforcing or punishing signal is given before or after the behavior. 
A)  In classical conditioning, a signal is placed before the reflex; in operant conditioning, a reinforcing or punishing signal is given after the behavior. 
B)  In classical conditioning, a signal is placed after the behavior; in operant conditioning, a reinforcing or punishing signal is given before the behavior. 
C)  In classical conditioning, a signal is placed between two behaviors; in operant conditioning, two contradictory signals are given before and after the behavior. 
D)  In classical conditioning, two reinforcing signals are placed before and after the reflex; in operant conditioning, a reinforcing or punishing signal is given before or after the behavior.

Question 14

According to Piaget's Theory of Knowledge, when do infants acquire mental representations?

Accepted Answer

A)  Before birth. 
B)  At 6 months. 
C)  At 18 months. 
D)  Not until they talk. 
A)  Before birth. 
B)  At 6 months. 
C)  At 18 months. 
D)  Not until they talk.

Question 15

Which of the following is not true about Jean Piaget?

Accepted Answer

A)  He wrote The Origins of Intelligence in Children. 
B)  He was a philosopher. 
C)  He had three children. 
D)  He was a nativist. 
A)  He wrote The Origins of Intelligence in Children. 
B)  He was a philosopher. 
C)  He had three children. 
D)  He was a nativist.

Question 16

Habituation paradigms are widely used to test infant development. How do habituation patterns vary between infants and across ages? What are possible reasons for individual differences in habituation patterns?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Habituation paradigms are widely used to test...

Question 17

According to Piaget, the process whereby a child incorporates a new action into an old schema is called

Accepted Answer

A)  Threshold. 
B)  Concrete operations. 
C)  Assimilation. 
D)  Accommodation. 
A)  Threshold. 
B)  Concrete operations. 
C)  Assimilation. 
D)  Accommodation.

Question 18

What is the critical measure in a violation of expectation paradigm?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants' looking time to an unexpected compared to an expected event. 
B)  Infants' pupil dilation. 
C)  Degree to which infants' vocalizations express surprise. 
D)  Infants' furrowing of their eyebrows. 
A)  Infants' looking time to an unexpected compared to an expected event. 
B)  Infants' pupil dilation. 
C)  Degree to which infants' vocalizations express surprise. 
D)  Infants' furrowing of their eyebrows.

Question 19

Which statement about the basic elements in developmental theories is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Piaget viewed innate ideas as the basic elements of knowledge. 
B)  Empiricists viewed sensations as the basic elements of knowledge. 
C)  Nativists viewed the scheme as the basic element of knowledge. 
D)  Empiricists viewed the scheme as the basic element of knowledge. 
A)  Piaget viewed innate ideas as the basic elements of knowledge. 
B)  Empiricists viewed sensations as the basic elements of knowledge. 
C)  Nativists viewed the scheme as the basic element of knowledge. 
D)  Empiricists viewed the scheme as the basic element of knowledge.

Question 20

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development the process of changing a schema in light of new information is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  Accommodation. 
B)  Equilibration. 
C)  Assimilation. 
D)  Conservation. 
A)  Accommodation. 
B)  Equilibration. 
C)  Assimilation. 
D)  Conservation.

What does short-term reliability mean?

Describe the violation-of-expectation paradigm and how it can be used to disprove Piaget's stage theory.

Sam is sitting in his high chair and one after the other drops his spoon, his sippy cup, his toy, and his jar of apple sauce to observe the effect. This is an example of a

When do infants start to imitate other people?

What are schemes?

What might be a reason for the low predictive validity of the BSID for later IQ?

Explain classical conditioning and give an example of how it has been used to assess learning in infancy.

Which statement best summarizes Piaget's notion of the acquisition of knowledge?

According to Piaget's theory, egocentric bias refers to the fact that the young child

According to nativists and empiricists, which of the following is true about mental representations?

According to Vygotsky, what is the crucial factor for an infant's development?

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

According to Piaget's Theory of Knowledge, when do infants acquire mental representations?

Which of the following is not true about Jean Piaget?

Habituation paradigms are widely used to test infant development. How do habituation patterns vary between infants and across ages? What are possible reasons for individual differences in habituation patterns?

According to Piaget, the process whereby a child incorporates a new action into an old schema is called

What is the critical measure in a violation of expectation paradigm?

Which statement about the basic elements in developmental theories is true?

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development the process of changing a schema in light of new information is called:

Introduction

The Many Ecologies of Infancy

3methods of Research in Infancy

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Physical and Motor Development in Infancy

Perceptual Development in Infancy

Representation in Infancy

Language Development in Infancy

Emotions and Temperament in Infancy

Social Development in the Family

Social Cognition Glossary

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Exam 7: Cognition in Infancy

What does short-term reliability mean?

Describe the violation-of-expectation paradigm and how it can be used to disprove Piaget's stage theory.

Sam is sitting in his high chair and one after the other drops his spoon, his sippy cup, his toy, and his jar of apple sauce to observe the effect. This is an example of a

When do infants start to imitate other people?

What are schemes?

What might be a reason for the low predictive validity of the BSID for later IQ?

Explain classical conditioning and give an example of how it has been used to assess learning in infancy.

Which statement best summarizes Piaget's notion of the acquisition of knowledge?

According to Piaget's theory, egocentric bias refers to the fact that the young child

According to nativists and empiricists, which of the following is true about mental representations?

According to Vygotsky, what is the crucial factor for an infant's development?

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

According to Piaget's Theory of Knowledge, when do infants acquire mental representations?

Which of the following is not true about Jean Piaget?

Habituation paradigms are widely used to test infant development. How do habituation patterns vary between infants and across ages? What are possible reasons for individual differences in habituation patterns?

According to Piaget, the process whereby a child incorporates a new action into an old schema is called

What is the critical measure in a violation of expectation paradigm?

Which statement about the basic elements in developmental theories is true?

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development the process of changing a schema in light of new information is called:

Introduction

The Many Ecologies of Infancy

3methods of Research in Infancy

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Physical and Motor Development in Infancy

Perceptual Development in Infancy

Representation in Infancy

Language Development in Infancy

Emotions and Temperament in Infancy

Social Development in the Family

Social Cognition Glossary

Filters