Question 1

Development proceeds cephalocaudally and proximodistally. Give an example for each and explain the developmental implications of these patterns.

Accepted Answer

$\bullet$Systems and skills do not all develop at the same time, but at different times depending on their position on the body.
$\bullet$Cephalocaudally - from "head to tail"; structures and functions on the head (e.g., vision) mature earlier than those far from the head (e.g., legs and locomotion).
$\bullet$Proximodistally - from center of body outwards, e.g., muscles of neck or torso develop before muscles of the fingers.
$\bullet$Following these directionality patterns, more vital and critical systems for survival develop first whereas less vital system develop later.
$\bullet$For example, brain and head develop before extremities. Muscles close to spinal cord develop before distal muscles controlling limbs.

Question 2

Which statement is true about young infants with congenital cataracts?

Accepted Answer

A)  A cataract in the left eye disrupts visual input to the left hemisphere of the brain. 
B)  A cataract in the right eye disrupts visual input to the left hemisphere of the brain. 
C)  A cataract in the right eye for the first 6 months of life disrupts development of face processing, leading to lasting deficits. 
D)  Cataracts in only one eye do not affect development. 
A)  A cataract in the left eye disrupts visual input to the left hemisphere of the brain. 
B)  A cataract in the right eye disrupts visual input to the left hemisphere of the brain. 
C)  A cataract in the right eye for the first 6 months of life disrupts development of face processing, leading to lasting deficits. 
D)  Cataracts in only one eye do not affect development. B

Question 3

Besides observing behavior, name at least two other measures that can be recorded/obtained from a child to measure development (such as CNS integrity or regulatory function).

Accepted Answer

Function of the regulatory system can be assessed by measuring heart rate or changes in heart rate (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). CNS integrity and functional brain activity can be measured from the scalp using electroencephalography (EEG) or event related potentials (ERP)

Question 4

EEG activity measured from the brain shows the following patterns of development from neonates to age 2 years.

Accepted Answer

A)  A change from high-amplitude undifferentiated patterns to low-voltage burst-pause patterns. 
B)  A change from high-amplitude burst-pause patterns to low-voltage undifferentiated patterns. 
C)  A change from low-voltage undifferentiated patterns to high-amplitude burst-pause patterns. 
D)  A change from low-voltage burst-pause patterns to high-amplitude undifferentiated patterns. 
A)  A change from high-amplitude undifferentiated patterns to low-voltage burst-pause patterns. 
B)  A change from high-amplitude burst-pause patterns to low-voltage undifferentiated patterns. 
C)  A change from low-voltage undifferentiated patterns to high-amplitude burst-pause patterns. 
D)  A change from low-voltage burst-pause patterns to high-amplitude undifferentiated patterns.

Question 5

Some risks of co-sleeping are

Accepted Answer

A)  Infant death. 
B)  Disrupted sleep. 
C)  Stress. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  Infant death. 
B)  Disrupted sleep. 
C)  Stress. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 6

What neurological changes were evident in rats housed in complex (enriched) environments?

Accepted Answer

A)  Thicker and heavier visual cortices when compared to standard housed rats. 
B)  Smaller but more efficient visual cortices when compared to standard housed rats. 
C)  Enlarged ventricles when compared to standard housed rats. 
D)  No differences in brain structure were evident. 
A)  Thicker and heavier visual cortices when compared to standard housed rats. 
B)  Smaller but more efficient visual cortices when compared to standard housed rats. 
C)  Enlarged ventricles when compared to standard housed rats. 
D)  No differences in brain structure were evident.

Question 7

Dr Yin studies the onset and development of locomotion using parent diaries. In her data, she discovers a wide spread of ages for locomotion onset, ranging from 10 months to 18 months, with most children starting to walk at 14 months of age. What does this suggest about development of locomotion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Development of locomotion is distributed in a statistically normal fashion. 
B)  Individual differences exist in the development of locomotion. 
C)  Parents are poor sources of information about children's development of locomotion. 
D)  Both a and b. 
E)  Both b and c. 
A)  Development of locomotion is distributed in a statistically normal fashion. 
B)  Individual differences exist in the development of locomotion. 
C)  Parents are poor sources of information about children's development of locomotion. 
D)  Both a and b. 
E)  Both b and c.

Question 8

Dr Smith wants to study the relation between motor development and psychological growth. Her measure of psychological growth is a standardized language assessment administered during a lab visit. How could Dr Smith assess motor development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Via EEG to measure motor-related brain activity during the visit. 
B)  By measuring heart rate responses to physical activity during the visit. 
C)  By analyzing a home-video of the child taken from their last vacation. 
D)  By observing the child's behavior in different situations during the visit. 
A)  Via EEG to measure motor-related brain activity during the visit. 
B)  By measuring heart rate responses to physical activity during the visit. 
C)  By analyzing a home-video of the child taken from their last vacation. 
D)  By observing the child's behavior in different situations during the visit.

Question 9

An example of cephalocaudal development would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  The visual system maturing before the locomotor muscles in the legs. 
B)  The locomotor muscles in the legs maturing before the visual system. 
C)  The locomotor muscles in the legs and the visual system maturing at approximately the same time. 
D)  The locomotor muscles in the legs maturing at the same time as the muscles in the arms. 
A)  The visual system maturing before the locomotor muscles in the legs. 
B)  The locomotor muscles in the legs maturing before the visual system. 
C)  The locomotor muscles in the legs and the visual system maturing at approximately the same time. 
D)  The locomotor muscles in the legs maturing at the same time as the muscles in the arms.

Question 10

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development show normative monthly motor accomplishments. According to this scale, infants develop the skill to "rotate trunk while sitting alone" at age 7 months but the skill "uses pads of fingertips to grasp pencil" at age 16 months. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Proximodistal development. 
B)  Canalization. 
C)  Independence of system. 
D)  Locomotor development. 
A)  Proximodistal development. 
B)  Canalization. 
C)  Independence of system. 
D)  Locomotor development.

Question 11

The fact that development in one domain (e.g., brain development) proceeds faster than development in another domain (e.g., secondary sexual characteristics) is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Developmental delay. 
B)  Developmental cascades. 
C)  Independence of systems. 
D)  Hierarchical integration of development. 
A)  Developmental delay. 
B)  Developmental cascades. 
C)  Independence of systems. 
D)  Hierarchical integration of development.

Question 12

Both hearing and deaf babies begin to babble in the middle of the first year. However, deaf babies eventually stop babbling while hearing babies continue. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Experience-expectant processes. 
B)  Experience-dependent processes. 
C)  Experience-independent processes. 
D)  Maturation-dependent processes. 
A)  Experience-expectant processes. 
B)  Experience-dependent processes. 
C)  Experience-independent processes. 
D)  Maturation-dependent processes.

Question 13

Arborization and synaptogenesis are processes that lead to

Accepted Answer

A)  Enhanced communication between neurons and the capacity for information processing. 
B)  Reduced pruning in the central nervous system. 
C)  Increased language and locomotor abilities in toddlers. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  Enhanced communication between neurons and the capacity for information processing. 
B)  Reduced pruning in the central nervous system. 
C)  Increased language and locomotor abilities in toddlers. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 14

Give an example and explain how motor development can affect psychological development.

Accepted Answer

@#LAT-DLM&Experiences with reaching and grasping.

Question 15

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) can be assessed via electrocardiograms as a measure for

Accepted Answer

A)  Regulatory function. 
B)  Cortical myelination. 
C)  Affect processing. 
D)  Blood pressure. 
A)  Regulatory function. 
B)  Cortical myelination. 
C)  Affect processing. 
D)  Blood pressure.

Question 16

A parent asks you whether giving her child swim lessons starting at age 4 months is better than starting at age 16 months. Your response is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes, earlier motor training leads to better proficiency and the child will become a much better swimmer. 
B)  No, the child is not developmentally ready and will not benefit from the experiences. 
C)  Earlier lessons help your child to feel comfortable in the water, but they do not allow your child to learn the types of skills that make a competent swimmer. 
D)  Earlier lessons will make your child more likely to fear the water, but may allow your child to learn critical skills of a competent swimmer (such as turning 180 degrees) 
A)  Yes, earlier motor training leads to better proficiency and the child will become a much better swimmer. 
B)  No, the child is not developmentally ready and will not benefit from the experiences. 
C)  Earlier lessons help your child to feel comfortable in the water, but they do not allow your child to learn the types of skills that make a competent swimmer. 
D)  Earlier lessons will make your child more likely to fear the water, but may allow your child to learn critical skills of a competent swimmer (such as turning 180 degrees)

Question 17

The development of locomotion is a statistically normal distributed behavior in infants. On a standardized test, Dr Jones observes a child whose locomotor skills are 2 standard deviations below the estimated population mean for this skill. What should Dr Jones tell the parents of the child?

Accepted Answer

A)  The child shows typical motor development. 
B)  The child shows advanced motor development. 
C)  The child shows delayed motor development. 
D)  The child is likely to develop a language delay in the future. 
A)  The child shows typical motor development. 
B)  The child shows advanced motor development. 
C)  The child shows delayed motor development. 
D)  The child is likely to develop a language delay in the future.

Question 18

Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to

Accepted Answer

A)  Physically stretch and change shape. 
B)  Make new connections and functionally compensate for lost neurons. 
C)  Regrow damaged brain structures. 
D)  Grow several thousand cells each minute during development. 
A)  Physically stretch and change shape. 
B)  Make new connections and functionally compensate for lost neurons. 
C)  Regrow damaged brain structures. 
D)  Grow several thousand cells each minute during development.

Question 19

What do individual differences between different people tell us about the processes that guide physical and motor development?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What do individual differences between different people...

Question 20

In what ways is the brain plastic? Describe two forms of brain plasticity

Accepted Answer

The answer of In what ways is the brain plastic?...

Development proceeds cephalocaudally and proximodistally. Give an example for each and explain the developmental implications of these patterns.

Which statement is true about young infants with congenital cataracts?

Besides observing behavior, name at least two other measures that can be recorded/obtained from a child to measure development (such as CNS integrity or regulatory function).

EEG activity measured from the brain shows the following patterns of development from neonates to age 2 years.

Some risks of co-sleeping are

What neurological changes were evident in rats housed in complex (enriched) environments?

Dr Yin studies the onset and development of locomotion using parent diaries. In her data, she discovers a wide spread of ages for locomotion onset, ranging from 10 months to 18 months, with most children starting to walk at 14 months of age. What does this suggest about development of locomotion?

Dr Smith wants to study the relation between motor development and psychological growth. Her measure of psychological growth is a standardized language assessment administered during a lab visit. How could Dr Smith assess motor development?

An example of cephalocaudal development would be:

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development show normative monthly motor accomplishments. According to this scale, infants develop the skill to "rotate trunk while sitting alone" at age 7 months but the skill "uses pads of fingertips to grasp pencil" at age 16 months. This is an example of:

The fact that development in one domain (e.g., brain development) proceeds faster than development in another domain (e.g., secondary sexual characteristics) is an example of:

Both hearing and deaf babies begin to babble in the middle of the first year. However, deaf babies eventually stop babbling while hearing babies continue. This is an example of:

Arborization and synaptogenesis are processes that lead to

Give an example and explain how motor development can affect psychological development.

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) can be assessed via electrocardiograms as a measure for

A parent asks you whether giving her child swim lessons starting at age 4 months is better than starting at age 16 months. Your response is:

The development of locomotion is a statistically normal distributed behavior in infants. On a standardized test, Dr Jones observes a child whose locomotor skills are 2 standard deviations below the estimated population mean for this skill. What should Dr Jones tell the parents of the child?

Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to

What do individual differences between different people tell us about the processes that guide physical and motor development?

In what ways is the brain plastic? Describe two forms of brain plasticity

Introduction

The Many Ecologies of Infancy

3methods of Research in Infancy

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Perceptual Development in Infancy

Cognition in Infancy

Representation in Infancy

Language Development in Infancy

Emotions and Temperament in Infancy

Social Development in the Family

Social Cognition Glossary

Filters

Exam 5: Physical and Motor Development in Infancy

Development proceeds cephalocaudally and proximodistally. Give an example for each and explain the developmental implications of these patterns.

Which statement is true about young infants with congenital cataracts?

Besides observing behavior, name at least two other measures that can be recorded/obtained from a child to measure development (such as CNS integrity or regulatory function).

EEG activity measured from the brain shows the following patterns of development from neonates to age 2 years.

Some risks of co-sleeping are

What neurological changes were evident in rats housed in complex (enriched) environments?

Dr Yin studies the onset and development of locomotion using parent diaries. In her data, she discovers a wide spread of ages for locomotion onset, ranging from 10 months to 18 months, with most children starting to walk at 14 months of age. What does this suggest about development of locomotion?

Dr Smith wants to study the relation between motor development and psychological growth. Her measure of psychological growth is a standardized language assessment administered during a lab visit. How could Dr Smith assess motor development?

An example of cephalocaudal development would be:

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development show normative monthly motor accomplishments. According to this scale, infants develop the skill to "rotate trunk while sitting alone" at age 7 months but the skill "uses pads of fingertips to grasp pencil" at age 16 months. This is an example of:

The fact that development in one domain (e.g., brain development) proceeds faster than development in another domain (e.g., secondary sexual characteristics) is an example of:

Both hearing and deaf babies begin to babble in the middle of the first year. However, deaf babies eventually stop babbling while hearing babies continue. This is an example of:

Arborization and synaptogenesis are processes that lead to

Give an example and explain how motor development can affect psychological development.

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) can be assessed via electrocardiograms as a measure for

A parent asks you whether giving her child swim lessons starting at age 4 months is better than starting at age 16 months. Your response is:

The development of locomotion is a statistically normal distributed behavior in infants. On a standardized test, Dr Jones observes a child whose locomotor skills are 2 standard deviations below the estimated population mean for this skill. What should Dr Jones tell the parents of the child?

Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to

What do individual differences between different people tell us about the processes that guide physical and motor development?

In what ways is the brain plastic? Describe two forms of brain plasticity

Introduction

The Many Ecologies of Infancy

3methods of Research in Infancy

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Perceptual Development in Infancy

Cognition in Infancy

Representation in Infancy

Language Development in Infancy

Emotions and Temperament in Infancy

Social Development in the Family

Social Cognition Glossary

Filters