Exam 2: The Development of a New Pattern of Thinking

Which of the following was NOT one of the early explorers of restorative justice?

Indigenous peoples in many communities once had their own customary or traditional approaches to justice prior to, or alongside Western criminal justice systems.

The term "restorative justice" refers primarily to:

The early movement for the rights of people harmed by crime had this aim:

Marlene A. Young's proposal for "restorative community justice," included program elements such as community prosecution and community courts.

The book, Changing Lenses, says the current criminal justice "lens" views crime as lawbreaking and justice as allocating blame and punishment. This is contrasted with restorative justice, which views crime and justice primarily this way:

The US government's war on drugs and crime was effective in reducing both crime and incarceration rates.

Which of the following is NOT a contributing movement in the development of restorative justice:

"Reintegrative shaming" is the term John Braithwaite used to describe the nature of punishment.

The goal of restorative justice is to address the harm done through wrongdoing in a way that respects, actively includes, and benefits the parties and other stakeholders.

The prison abolition movement was started by people who concluded that prisons not only failed to rehabilitate, they were also places of suffering.

Nils Christie argued that conflict should not "belong" to the parties in conflict, but rather is owned by their communities.