Exam 16: Screening in Public Health Practice

All primary prevention activities assume that the action taken will reduce the occurrence of disease and its aftereffects.

Policymakers have often responded too quickly to emerging public health problems by prematurely instituting screening programs.

A person is aware that he or she has a disease during the preclinical stage.

Which of the following is the main way to measure a screening program and is the proportion of individuals with a positive test who have preclinical disease?

A healthy diet, regular exercise, sunscreen use, and vaccinations against infectious disease are all examples of which of the following?

Which type of efforts are performed to slow or block the progression of a disease, thereby reducing impairments and disabilities and improving the quality of life and survival among diseased individuals?

Which type of efforts, for infectious diseases, may have the added benefit of reducing or halting the spread of disease?

Which of the following is an example of an appropriate disease that meets all the criteria for screening?

Which type of bias overestimates the benefit of screening and needs to be taken into account when evaluating a screening program?

Which type of bias makes a screening program appear to have a beneficial effect on survival because people who are destined to have a favorable course are selectively identified?

For some diseases, which of the following may increase the disease incidence and prevalence (at least temporarily) because asymptomatic cases are identified at an earlier stage?

Which type of bias occurs only in observational studies of screening efficacy and means that the decision to be screening is influenced by a person's health awareness, which in turn may be related to his or her subsequent morbidity and mortality?

A diagnostic test typically carries more risk and is more expensive than a screening test.

Given the high cost and possible adverse consequences of screening, it is justifiable to screen only for major diseases.

Which type of studies are most informative when a new screening program is introduced into an isolated, well-defined population?

Which characteristic of a suitable screening test is influenced by the stability of the physiological state being measured, the technical characteristics of the test method, and interobserver and intraobserver agreement among the technicians conducting the test?

A typical example of which of the following is the use of drugs to prevent opportunistic infections among individuals with HIV infection.

Tertiary prevention activities assume that early detection will lead to prompt and effective interventions that will ultimately improve survival.

Which of the following is a serious disease that is not suitable for screening because mortality is high even with early diagnosis?

Which of the following is the probability that a test correctly classifies positive individuals who have preclinical disease?