Exam 13: Effect Measure Modification

Which of the following is evaluated either by examining the stratum-specific estimates visually or by performing a statistical test?

When the excess relative risk associated with having both factors together is larger than the sum of the excess relative risk associated with each factor alone, it can be concluded that there is effect measure modification known as which of the following?

Which of the following is sometimes confused with effect measure modification because it also involves a third variable in addition to the exposure and disease and is evaluated by conducting stratified analyses?

Once the chi-square statistic is calculated, which of the following may be obtained from a table of chi-square values?

Synergy is a more general term for which of the following?

When effect measure modification is present using a ratio measure, it will usually be absent when a difference measure is used.

Because its presence depends on the particular measure of association, effect measure modification should be described using terms that specify the measure.

Which of the following occurs when two factors work in concert to produce more disease than one would expect based on the action of either factor working alone?

Which of the following is said to occur when the excessive relative risk among individuals with both factors is less than the sum of the excess relative risks of each factor considered alone?

The excess relative risk is defined as the relative measure of association minus one.

Which of the following occurs when two factors work in concert to produce more disease than one would expect based on the action of either factor working alone?

Effect measure modification should not be considered merely an arbitrary statistical phenomenon, but rather it should be regarded as a causal framework for gaining insight into a natural phenomenon.

Which expression is commonly used to describe effect measure modification but should be avoided because the term is too vague?

Effect measure modification, also known as which of the following, means that the strength of the association between an exposure and a disease differs according to the level of another variable?

Which term is used when effect modification is absent?

Epidemiologists conduct which of the following to evaluate simultaneously the presence of effect measure modification and confounding?

Like bias and confounding, effect modification is a natural phenomenon of scientific interest that the investigator needs to eliminate.

Which of the following represents a high level of effect measure modification?

Which of the following occurs when the relative risk associated with having both factors together is larger than the product of the relative risk associated with each factor?

Confounding is a problem that epidemiologists aim to eliminate, and effect measure modification is an interesting occurrence that epidemiologist aim to describe.