Exam 8: Contributions and Developments in Science and Medicine Through History

Around 800, ……………….assisted by the English monk Alcuin of York undertook what has come to be known as the 'Carolingian Renaissance', a programme of cultural revitalization and educational reforms.

In 'Khandakhadhyaka', ……………….reinforced Aryabhatta's idea of another day beginning at mid-night.

………………of 8th century, the authority of 'Sishyadi Vridhita' discusses the planetary calculations, rising and settings of the planets, planetary and asteral conjunctions and complementary situations of the sun and the moon.

………………….'s 'Panchasidhantika' is a treatise drawing from several knowledge systems.

Ancient ……………….had kept a 'Panchanga' for calculation of 'Tithi' or the lunar day, 'varna' or the week day, 'nakshatra' or asterism for social and religious events.

………………..of the 12th century authored two important astronomical works: 'Sidhanta Siromani' and 'Karana Kuttuhala'.

The 'Sulba Sutra' of …………….millennium BC contains mathematical applications used for altar construction.

The science in West Asia began its decline by the 13th century itself mainly due to the ……………..attacks on the entire Arab world.

……………….was the head of the observatory at Ujjain.

Mahendra Suri of 14th century wrote the astronomical work called 'Yantra Raja' in verse in……………….

………………… was the first to assume that colour and light are of the same nature and the discoverer of the curvature of light through atmospheric refraction.

………………. stated that the earth moves and not the heaven.

The 'Panchaka Sidhanta' of ……………….of 505 BC approximates the method for the determination of the meridian direction from any three positions of the shadow.

The logic studies by …………….of Ockham led him to postulate specific formulation of the principle of 'parsimony' known as the 'Ochan's Razor'.

By the 12th century centers of learning known as the ……………..sprang up across western Europe, drawing scholars from different fields and mixing the knowledge of the ancient Greeks with the new discoveries of the Arab philosophers and scientists.

…………………..'s two most important works in medicine are the 'Book of Healing' and the 'Canon of Medicine', both used as the standard medicinal texts in both the Arab world and Europe for a long time.

……………… astronomy became an established tradition by the first millennium BC, when 'Jyotisha Vedanga' took shape.

The introduction of clinical pharmacology was the contribution of……………….

The Greek Scholar ……………had established the fundamentals of the Unani on which the Arab physicians like Rhaza in 10th century and Avicenna in the 11th century constructed an imposing edifice.

In the year………………., the 'Black Death' and other disasters sealed a sudden end of the period of scientific and philosophic development in medieval Europe.